Humanitext Reader

Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §2.43.1-2.43.6

Exhortation to Patriotism: Courage and Freedom

Passage 189 of 917 · Greek

Summary

Pericles praises the patriotism of the fallen, urging the citizens to behold the city's power and resolve to be courageous, defining happiness as freedom and freedom as courage.

§2.43.1‘καὶ οἵδε μὲν προσηκόντως τῇ πόλει τοιοίδε ἐγένοντο· τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς χρὴ ἀσφαλεστέραν μὲν εὔχεσθαι, ἀτολμοτέραν δὲ μηδὲν ἀξιοῦν τὴν ἐς τοὺς πολεμίους διάνοιαν ἔχειν, σκοποῦντας μὴ λόγῳ μόνῳ τὴν ὠφελίαν, ἣν ἄν τις πρὸς οὐδὲν χεῖρον αὐτοὺς ὑμᾶς εἰδότας μηκύνοι, λέγων ὅσα ἐν τῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ἀμύνεσθαι ἀγαθὰ ἔνεστιν, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τὴν τῆς πόλεως δύναμιν καθ’ ἡμέραν ἔργῳ θεωμένους καὶ ἐραστὰς γιγνομένους αὐτῆς, καὶ ὅταν ὑμῖν μεγάλη δόξῃ εἶναι,ἐνθυμουμένους ὅτι τολμῶντες καὶ γιγνώσκοντες τὰ δέοντα καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις αἰσχυνόμενοι ἄνδρες αὐτὰ ἐκτήσαντο, καὶ ὁπότε καὶ πείρᾳ του σφαλεῖεν, οὐκ οὖν καὶ τὴν πόλιν γε τῆς σφετέρας ἀρετῆς ἀξιοῦντες στερίσκειν, κάλλιστον δὲ ἔρανον αὐτῇ προϊέμενοι.
‘And these men, as befitted the city, showed themselves to be such; but those who remain must pray for a safer lot, while resolving to have a spirit toward the enemy that is no less bold, not looking merely to the benefit in word—which someone might dilate upon to you who know it no less well yourselves, telling how many goods are inherent in resisting the enemy—but rather beholding day by day the power of the city in actual deed and becoming her lovers; and when she seems great to you, reflecting that men acquired this power by being daring, knowing their duty, and feeling shame in their actions; and that whenever they failed in any attempt, they did not think it right to deprive the city of their virtue, but offered her their lives as the fairest contribution.
§2.43.2κοινῇ γὰρ τὰ σώματα διδόντες ἰδίᾳ τὸν ἀγήρων ἔπαινον ἐλάμβανον καὶ τὸν τάφον ἐπισημότατον, οὐκ ἐν ᾧ κεῖνται μᾶλλον, ἀλλ’ ἐν ᾧ ἡ δόξα αὐτῶν παρὰ τῷ ἐντυχόντι αἰεὶ καὶ λόγου καὶ ἔργου καιρῷ αἰείμνηστος καταλείπεται.
For by giving their bodies in common, they received individually the praise that grows not old, and the most distinguished tomb—not that in which they lie, but rather that in which their glory is left behind in everlasting remembrance, on every occasion of word or deed that may arise.
§2.43.3ἀνδρῶν γὰρ ἐπιφανῶν πᾶσα γῆ τάφος, καὶ οὐ στηλῶν μόνον ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ σημαίνει ἐπιγραφή, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῇ μὴ προσηκούσῃ ἄγραφος μνήμη παρ’ ἑκάστῳ τῆς γνώμης μᾶλλον ἢ τοῦ ἔργου ἐνδιαιτᾶται.
For the whole earth is the tomb of famous men; and not only does the inscription on columns in their own land signify it, but even in foreign lands there dwells an unwritten memorial, in each man's heart, of their spirit rather than of their achievement.
§2.43.4οὓς νῦν ὑμεῖς ζηλώσαντες καὶ τὸ εὔδαιμον τὸ ἐλεύθερον, τὸ δ’ ἐλεύθερον τὸ εὔψυχον κρίναντες μὴ περιορᾶσθε τοὺς πολεμικοὺς κινδύνους.
Whom you must now emulate, and judging happiness to be freedom, and freedom to be courage, do not shrink from the dangers of war.
§2.43.5οὐ γὰρ οἱ κακοπραγοῦντες δικαιότερον ἀφειδοῖεν ἂν τοῦ βίου, οἷς ἐλπὶς οὐκ ἔστιν ἀγαθοῦ, ἀλλ’ οἷς ἡ ἐναντία μεταβολὴ ἐν τῷ ζῆν ἔτι κινδυνεύεται καὶ ἐν οἷς μάλιστα μεγάλα τὰ διαφέροντα, ἤν τι πταίσωσιν.
For it is not those who are in misery, and have no hope of good, who would more justly be unsparing of their lives, but rather those for whom the opposite change in life is still a hazard, and in whose case, if they should suffer any fall, the difference is greatest.
§2.43.6ἀλγεινοτέρα γὰρ ἀνδρί γε φρόνημα ἔχοντι ἡ μετὰ τοῦ [ἐν τῷ] μαλακισθῆναι κάκωσις ἢ ὁ μετὰ ῥώμης καὶ κοινῆς ἐλπίδος ἅμα γιγνόμενος ἀναίσθητος θάνατος.
For to a man of spirit, the degradation accompanied by cowardice is more painful than the death that comes unfelt in the midst of strength and common hope.’

Notes

  1. §2.43.1ἣν ἄν τις πρὸς οὐδὲν χεῖρον αὐτοὺς ὑμᾶς εἰδότας μηκύνοι — The phrase πρὸς οὐδὲν χεῖρον (in no way worse) functions adverbially to mean 'just as well.' The participle εἰδότας is in the accusative, modifying the preceding ὑμᾶς (you yourselves). μηκύνοι is an optative of possibility with ἄν, indicating a potential or hypothetical concession ('someone might dilate upon, though it is unnecessary').
  2. §2.43.1οὐκ οὖν καὶ τὴν πόλιν γε τῆς σφετέρας ἀρετῆς ἀξιοῦντες στερίσκειν — The negative particle οὐκ with οὖν (therefore not) negates the participle ἀξιοῦντες. σφετέρας is the reflexive possessive adjective referring to the fallen soldiers. ἀξιόω (to deem worthy, think right) takes the infinitive στερίσκειν (to deprive). Thus, the phrase means 'not thinking it right to deprive the city of their own virtue.'
  3. §2.43.5οἷς ἡ ἐναντία μεταβολὴ ἐν τῷ ζῆν ἔτι κινδυνεύεται — κινδυνεύεται is used passively with the subject ἡ ἐναντία μεταβολή (the opposite change), meaning 'the opposite change is still risked/hazard' while they are still living (εν τῷ ζῆν ἔτι). It highlights the precarious nature of prosperity for those who still have much to lose.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §2.43.1-2.43.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.43.1-2.43.6

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