[ULPIANUS libro octauo de omnibus tribunalibus. ] §50.13.1.prPraeses prouinciae de mercedibus ius dicere solet, sed praeceptoribus tantum studiorum liberalium.
[ULPIAN, in the eighth book on All Tribunals.] The governor of a province is accustomed to administer justice concerning fees, but only for teachers of liberal studies.
liberalia autem studia accipimus, quae Graeci ἐλευθέρια appellant: rhetores continebuntur, grammatici, geometrae.
By liberal studies, moreover, we understand those which the Greeks call 'eleutheria': rhetoricians, grammarians, and geometers will be included.
§50.13.1.1Medicorum quoque eadem causa est quae professorum, nisi quod iustior, cum hi salutis hominum, illi studiorum curam agant: et ideo his quoque extra ordinem ius dici debet.
The case of doctors is also the same as that of professors, except that it is more justified, since the former take care of human health, the latter of studies; and therefore, justice ought to be administered for these also extra ordinem.
§50.13.1.2Sed et obstetricem audiant, quae utique medicinam exhibere uidetur.
But they should also hear a midwife, who at any rate appears to practice medicine.
§50.13.1.3Medicos fortassis quis accipiet etiam eos, qui alicuius partis corporis uel certi doloris sanitatem pollicentur: ut puta si auricularius, si fistulae uel dentium.
One might perhaps also accept as doctors those who promise the cure of some part of the body or of a specific pain: as, for example, a specialist for the ear, for fistulae, or for teeth.
non tamen si incantauit, si inprecatus est, si, ut uulgari uerbo impostorum utar, si exorcizauit: non sunt ista medicinae genera, tametsi sint, qui hos sibi profuisse cum praedicatione adfirment.
Not, however, if he has cast spells, if he has used incantations, or, to use the common word of impostors, if he has exorcised: these are not kinds of medicine, even though there are those who loudly assert that these persons have benefited them.
§50.13.1.4An et philosophi professorum numero sint? et non putem, non quia non religiosa res est, sed quia hoc primum profiteri eos oportet mercennariam operam spernere.
Are philosophers also in the number of professors? I should think not; not because it is not a sacred matter, but because they ought above all to profess to despise paid labor.
§50.13.1.5Proinde ne iuris quidem ciuilis professoribus ius dicent: est quidem res sanctissima ciuilis sapientia, sed quae pretio nummario non sit aestimanda nec dehonestanda, dum in iudicio honor petitur, qui in ingressu sacramenti offerri debuit.
Consequently, they shall not administer justice even for professors of civil law; civil wisdom is indeed a most sacred thing, but one that should not be estimated at a monetary price nor dishonored while a fee is sought in court, which ought to have been offered at the beginning of the association.
quaedam enim tametsi honeste accipiantur, inhoneste tamen petuntur.
For some things, even though they are honorably received, are nevertheless dishonorably demanded.
§50.13.1.6Ludi quoque litterarii magistris licet non sint professores, tamen usurpatum est, ut his quoque ius dicatur: iam et librariis et notariis et calculatoribus siue tabulariis.
For teachers of elementary schools also, although they are not professors, yet it has become established by usage that justice is administered for them as well; and now also for copyists, stenographers, and calculators or accountants.
§50.13.1.7Sed ceterarum artium opificibus siue artificibus, quae sunt extra litteras uel notas positae, nequaquam extra ordinem ius dicere praeses debebit.
But for craftsmen or artisans of other skills, which are outside of letters or notations, the governor must by no means administer justice extra ordinem.
§50.13.1.8Sed et si comites salarium petant, idem iuris est, quod in professoribus placet.
But also, if companions demand a salary, the same rule of law applies as is approved in the case of professors.
§50.13.1.9Sed et aduersus ipsos omnes cognoscere praeses debet, quia ut aduersus aduocatos adeantur, diui fratres rescripserunt.
But the governor also ought to hear claims against all these persons themselves, because the deified brothers wrote in a rescript that they may be sued just as advocates are.
§50.13.1.10In honorariis aduocatorum ita uersari iudex debet, ut pro modo litis proque aduocati facundia et fori consuetudine et iudicii, in quo erat acturus, aestimationem adhibeat, dummodo licitum honorarium quantitas non egrediatur: ita enim rescripto imperatoris nostri et patris eius continetur.
In dealing with the fees of advocates, the judge ought to behave in such a way that he makes an estimation according to the scale of the lawsuit, the eloquence of the advocate, the custom of the forum, and the standing of the court in which he was to plead, provided that the amount does not exceed the lawful fee; for so it is contained in a rescript of our emperor and his father.
uerba rescripti ita se habent: 'Si Iulius Maternus, quem patronum causae tuae esse uoluisti, fidem susceptam exhibere paratus est, eam dumtaxat pecuniam, quae modum legitimum egressa est, repetere debes'.
The words of the rescript are as follows: 'If Julius Maternus, whom you wished to be the patron of your cause, is ready to show the loyalty he undertook, you ought to demand back only that money which has exceeded the lawful limit'.
§50.13.1.11Aduocatos accipere debemus omnes omnino, qui causis agendis quoquo studio operantur: non tamen qui pro tractatu, non adfuturi causis, accipere quid solent, aduocatorum numero erunt.
We ought to understand as advocates all those without exception who are employed with any zeal in pleading causes; however, those who are accustomed to receive something for a consultation, but do not intend to appear in the causes, will not be in the number of advocates.
§50.13.1.12Si cui cautum est honorarium uel si quis de lite pactus est, uideamus, an petere possit.
If a fee has been promised to anyone, or if anyone has made an agreement concerning a lawsuit, let us see whether he can sue.
et quidem de pactis ita est rescriptum ab imperatore nostro et diuo patre eius: 'Litis causa malo more pecuniam tibi promissam ipse quoque profiteris.
And indeed, concerning agreements, it has been written in a rescript by our emperor and his deified father: 'You yourself also admit that on account of a lawsuit, by a bad custom, money was promised to you.
sed hoc ita ius est, si suspensa lite societatem futuri emolumenti cautio pollicetur.
But this is the law only if, while the lawsuit is pending, the agreement promises a share in future profit.
si uero post causam actam cauta est honoraria summa, peti poterit usque ad probabilem quantitatem, etsi nomine palmarii cautum sit: sic tamen, ut computetur id quod datum est cum eo quod debetur neutrumque compositum licitam quantitatem excedat'. Licita autem quantitas intellegitur pro singulis causis usque ad centum aureos.
If, however, the sum of the fee was promised after the cause was pleaded, it can be sued for up to a reasonable amount, even if it was promised under the name of a victory fee; in such a way, however, that what has been given is computed with what is owed, and neither combined exceeds the lawful amount.' The lawful amount, moreover, is understood to be up to one hundred aurei for individual causes.
§50.13.1.13Diuus Seuerus ab heredibus aduocati mortuo eo prohibuit mercedem repeti, quia per ipsum non steterat, quo minus causam ageret.
The deified Severus, when an advocate died, forbade the fee to be demanded back from his heirs, because it had not been due to him that he did not plead the cause.
§50.13.1.14Ad nutricia quoque officium praesidis uel praetoris deuenit: namque nutrices ob alimoniam infantium apud praesides quod sibi debetur petunt.
The duty of the governor or praetor also extends to nursing-fees; for nurses sue before governors for what is owed to them for the maintenance of infants.
sed nutricia eo usque producemus, quoad infantes uberibus aluntur: ceterum post haec cessant partes praetoris uel praesidis.
But we shall extend nursing-fees only so far as infants are nourished at the breast; otherwise, after this, the role of the praetor or governor ceases.
H §50.13.1.15aec omnia si apud praesides petantur, uideamus an de mutuis petitionibus possunt praesides cognoscere.
If all these things are sued for before governors, let us see whether governors can also hear mutual claims.
et putem debere admitti.
And I should think that this ought to be allowed.