[ULPIANUS libro quadragensimo nono ad Sabinum. ] §45.1.38.9'Habere' dupliciter accipitur: nam et eum habere dicimus, qui rei dominus est et eum, qui dominus quidem non est, sed tenet: denique habere rem apud nos depositam solemus dicere.
[ULPIANUS, in the forty-ninth book on Sabinus.] "To have" is understood in two ways: for we say that he "has" who is the owner of the thing, and also he who is indeed not the owner, but holds it; finally, we are accustomed to say that we "have" a thing deposited with us.
§45.1.38.10Si quis ita stipulatus fuerit 'uti frui sibi licere', ad heredem ista stipulatio non pertinet.
If anyone has stipulated in this way: "to be allowed to use and enjoy for himself," this stipulation does not belong to the heir.
§45.1.38.11Sed et si non addiderit 'sibi', non puto stipulationem de usu fructu ad heredem transire, eoque iure utimur.
But even if he has not added "for himself," I do not think that the stipulation concerning usufruct passes to the heir, and this is the rule we apply.
§45.1.38.12Sed si quis uti frui licere sibi heredique suo stipulatus sit, uideamus, an heres ex stipulatu agere possit.
But if anyone has stipulated that it be allowed to use and enjoy for himself and his heir, let us see whether the heir can bring an action on the stipulation.
et putem posse, licet diuersi sint fructus: nam et si ire agere stipuletur sibi heredique suo licere, idem probauerimus.
And I should think he can, although the fruits are different; for if he should stipulate that it be allowed to walk and drive for himself and his heir, we would approve the same.
§45.1.38.13Si quis dolum malum promissoris heredisque eius abesse uelit, sufficere 'abesse afuturumque esse' stipulari: si uero de plurium dolo cauere uelit, necessarium esse adici: 'cui rei dolus malus non abest, non afuerit, quanti ea res erit, tantam pecuniam dari spondes?' §45.1.38.14Suae personae adiungere quis heredis personam potest.
If anyone wishes that fraud of the promisor and his heir be absent, it is sufficient to stipulate "to be absent and to be absent in the future"; but if he wishes to be secured against the fraud of several persons, it is necessary to add: "for which matter if fraud is not absent, and shall not have been absent, do you promise that so much money will be given as that matter shall be worth?" Anyone can add the persona of the heir to his own persona.
§45.1.38.15Sed et adoptiui patris persona coniungi poterit.
But also the persona of an adoptive father can be joined.
§45.1.38.16Inter incertam certamque diem discrimen esse ex eo quoque apparet, quod certa die promissum uel statim dari potest: totum enim medium tempus ad soluendum liberum promissori relinquitur: at qui promisit 'si aliquid factum sit' uel 'cum aliquid factum sit', nisi cum id factum fuerit, dederit, non uidebitur fecisse quod promisit.
The difference between an uncertain and a certain day appears also from this: that what is promised on a certain day can even be given immediately (for the whole intermediate time is left free to the promisor for payment); but he who has promised "if something is done" or "when something is done," unless he gives when it has been done, will not be deemed to have performed what he promised.
§45.1.38.17Alteri stipulari nemo potest, praeterquam si seruus domino, filius patri stipuletur: inuentae sunt enim huiusmodi obligationes ad hoc, ut unusquisque sibi adquirat quod sua interest: ceterum ut alii detur, nihil interest mea.
No one can stipulate for another, except if a slave stipulates for his master, or a son for his father; for obligations of this kind were invented for this purpose, that each person may acquire for himself what is to his interest; but that it be given to another is of no interest to me.
plane si uelim hoc facere, poenam stipulari conueniet, ut, si ita factum non sit, ut comprehensum est, committetur stipulatio etiam ei, cuius nihil interest: poenam enim cum stipulatur quis, non illud inspicitur, quid intersit, sed quae sit quantitas quaeque condicio stipulationis.
Clearly, if I wish to do this, it will be appropriate to stipulate a penalty, so that if it is not done as was comprehended, the stipulation is triggered even for him to whom it is of no interest; for when anyone stipulates a penalty, not what is to his interest is looked at, but what is the amount and what is the condition of the stipulation.
§45.1.38.18In stipulationibus cum quaeritur, quid actum sit, uerba contra stipulatorem interpretanda sunt.
In stipulations, when the question is raised as to what was agreed, the words must be interpreted against the stipulator.
§45.1.38.19Eum, qui dicat: 'mihi decem et Titio decem', eadem decem, non alia decem dicere credendum est.
He who says: "ten to me and ten to Titius," must be believed to speak of the same ten, not another ten.
§45.1.38.20Si stipuler alii, cum mea interesset, uideamus, an stipulatio committetur.
If I stipulate for another when it is to my interest, let us see whether the stipulation is triggered.
et ait Marcellus stipulationem ualere in specie huiusmodi.
And Marcellus says that the stipulation is valid in a case of this kind.
is, qui pupilli tutelam administrare coeperat, cessit administratione contutori suo et stipulatus est rem pupilli saluam fore.
He who had begun to administer the guardianship of a ward gave up the administration to his co-guardian and stipulated that the property of the ward would be safe.
ait Marcellus posse defendi stipulationem ualere: interest enim stipulatoris fieri quod stipulatus est, cum obligatus futurus esset pupillo, si aliter res cesserit.
Marcellus says it can be defended that the stipulation is valid; for it is to the interest of the stipulator that what he stipulated be done, since he would be liable to the ward if the matter went otherwise.
§45.1.38.21Si quis insulam faciendam promiserit aut conduxerit, deinde ab aliquo insulam stipulatori fieri stipulatus sit: aut si quis, cum promisisset Titio fundum Maeuium daturum aut, si is non dedisset, poenam se daturum, stipulatus a Maeuio fuerit fundum Titio datu iri: item si quis id locauerit faciendum quod ipse conduxerit: constat habere eum utilem ex locato actionem.
If anyone has promised or contracted for the building of an apartment building, and then has stipulated from someone that the apartment building be built for the stipulator; or if anyone, when he had promised Titius that Maevius would give a tract of land or, if he did not give it, that he himself would give a penalty, has stipulated from Maevius that the tract of land will be given to Titius; likewise if anyone has sublet to be made what he himself had contracted for: it is established that he has a useful action on the contract of hire.
§45.1.38.22Si quis ergo stipulatus fuerit, cum sua interesset ei dari, in ea erit causa, ut ualeat stipulatio.
If, therefore, anyone has stipulated, when it was to his interest that it be given to him, he will be in the position that the stipulation is valid.
§45.1.38.23Unde et si procuratori meo dari stipulatus sum, stipulatio uires habebit: et si creditori meo, quia interest mea, ne uel poena committatur uel praedia distrahantur, quae pignori data erant.
Whence also if I have stipulated that it be given to my procurator, the stipulation will have force; and if to my creditor, because it is to my interest, lest either a penalty be triggered or the estates which had been given in pledge be sold.
§45.1.38.24Si quis ita stipulatus fuerit: 'illum sistas?', nulla causa est, cur non obligatio constat.
If anyone has stipulated in this way: "Will you produce that person?", there is no reason why the obligation does not stand.
§45.1.38.25Aedem sacram uel locum religiosum aedificari stipulari possumus: alioquin nec ex locato agere possumus.
We can stipulate that a sacred temple or a religious place be built; otherwise, we cannot even bring an action on hire.