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Justinian I · The Digest of Justinian §44.1.2.pr-44.1.2.4

Definition, Chain of Pleadings, and Types of Exceptions

Passage 7191 of 9271 · Latin

Summary

Explains the definition of an exception (exceptio), the structure of subsequent pleadings like replications and triplications, and the division of exceptions into dilatory and peremptory.

[IDEM libro septuagensimo quarto ad edictum. ] §44.1.2.prExceptio dicta est quasi quaedam exclusio, quae opponi actioni cuiusque rei solet ad excludendum id, quod in intentionem condemnationemue deductum est.
[THE SAME in the seventy-fourth book on the Edict.] An exception is so called as if it were a kind of exclusion, which is usually opposed to the action of any matter to exclude that which has been brought into the intentio or the condemnatio.
§44.1.2.1Replicationes nihil aliud sunt quam exceptiones, et a parte actoris ueniunt: quae quidem ideo necessariae sunt, ut exceptiones excludant: semper enim replicatio idcirco obicitur, ut exceptionem oppugnet.
Replications are nothing else than exceptions, and they come from the side of the plaintiff; which indeed are necessary for this reason, to exclude exceptions; for a replication is always opposed for the purpose of attacking the exception.
§44.1.2.2Illud tenendum est omnem exceptionem uel replicationem exclusoriam esse: exceptio actorem excludit, replicatio reum.
It must be held that every exception or replication is exclusionary: the exception excludes the plaintiff, the replication the defendant.
§44.1.2.3Sed et contra replicationem solet dari triplicatio, et contra triplicationem rursus et deinceps multiplicantur nomina, dum aut reus aut actor obicit.
But also, against a replication a triplication is usually given, and against a triplication again, and thereafter the names are multiplied, as either the defendant or the plaintiff objects.
§44.1.2.4Sane solemus dicere quasdam exceptiones esse dilatorias, quasdam peremptorias: ut puta dilatoria est exceptio, quae differt actionem, ueluti procuratoria exceptio dilatoria est: nam qui dicit non licere procuratorio nomine agi, non prorsus litem infitiatur, sed personam euitat.
Indeed, we are accustomed to say that some exceptions are dilatory and some peremptory: for example, a dilatory exception is one which postpones the action, just as an exception regarding a procurator is dilatory; for he who says that it is not permitted to sue in the name of a procurator does not completely deny the suit, but avoids the person.

Notes

  1. §44.1.2.practioni cuiusque rei — actioni is the dative complement of opponi (to be opposed). cuiusque rei is the genitive modifying actioni. It indicates that an exception can be opposed to the action of any matter or case.
  2. §44.1.2.1quae quidem — This is a relative connection (connecting relative) at the beginning of the clause, whose antecedent is replicationes (feminine plural) in the preceding clause. It functions as the subject of the clause: quae... necessariae sunt ('which indeed are necessary').
  3. §44.1.2.4non licere procuratorio nomine agi — An accusative with infinitive (Aci) construction acting as the object of dicit. non licere ('that it is not permitted') is the main verb of the infinitive clause, which takes the impersonal passive infinitive agi ('to be sued' / 'action to be conducted') as its subject/complement.

Cite this passage

Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian §44.1.2.pr-44.1.2.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi2806.phi002.humanitext-lat1:44.1.2.pr-44.1.2.4

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