[ULPIANUS libro sexagensimo quarto ad edictum. ] §42.6.1.prSciendum est separationem solere impetrari decreto praetoris.
[ULPIANUS in his sixty-fourth book on the Edict.] It should be known that separation is usually obtained by a decree of the praetor.
§42.6.1.1Solet autem separatio permitti creditoribus ex his causis: ut puta debitorem quis Seium habuit: hic decessit: heres ei extitit Titius: hic non est soluendo: patitur bonorum uenditionem: creditores Seii dicunt bona Seii sufficere sibi, creditores Titii contentos esse debere bonis Titii et sic quasi duorum fieri bonorum uenditionem.
However, separation is usually permitted to creditors for these reasons: for example, suppose someone had Seius as his debtor; the latter died, and Titius became his heir; Titius is insolvent and allows the sale of his assets; the creditors of Seius state that the assets of Seius are sufficient for them, and that the creditors of Titius ought to be content with the assets of Titius, and thus, as it were, a sale of two separate estates should take place.
fieri enim potest, ut Seius quidem soluendo fuerit potueritque satis creditoribus suis uel ita semel, etsi non in assem, in aliquid tamen satisfacere, admissis autem commixtisque creditoribus Titii minus sint consecuturi, quia ille non est soluendo aut minus consequantur, quia plures sunt hic.
For it is possible that Seius indeed was solvent and could have satisfied his creditors fully, or at least in part, even if not to the full penny; but if the creditors of Titius are admitted and mixed in, they will receive less because Titius is insolvent, or they will receive less because there are more creditors here.
est igitur aequissimum creditores Seii desiderantes separationem audiri impetrareque a praetore, ut separatim quantum cuiusque creditoribus praestetur.
Therefore, it is most equitable that the creditors of Seius who desire separation should be heard, and should obtain from the praetor that what is to be paid to each group of creditors be determined separately.
§42.6.1.2Ex contrario autem creditores Titii non impetrabunt separationem: nam licet alicui adiciendo sibi creditorem creditoris sui facere deteriorem condicionem.
On the other hand, the creditors of Titius will not obtain a separation; for anyone is allowed, by adding a creditor to himself, to make the condition of his own creditor worse.
atqui igitur adiit hereditatem debitoris mei, non faciet meam deteriorem condicionem adeundo, quia licet mihi separationem impetrare, suos uero creditores onerauit, dum adiit hereditatem quae soluendo non est, nec poterunt creditores eius separationem impetrare.
And yet, therefore, although he entered upon the inheritance of my debtor, he will not make my condition worse by doing so, because I am allowed to obtain a separation; but he has burdened his own creditors by entering upon an inheritance which is insolvent, and his creditors will not be able to obtain a separation.
§42.6.1.3Sciendum est autem, etiamsi obligata res esse proponatur ab herede iure pignoris uel hypothecae, attamen, si hereditaria fuit, iure separationis hypothecario creditori potiorem esse eum, qui separationem impetrauit: et ita Seuerus et Antoninus rescripserunt.
Furthermore, it must be known that even if it is proposed that a thing has been obligated by the heir under the law of pledge or hypothec, nevertheless, if it belonged to the inheritance, by the law of separation, the one who obtained the separation is preferred to the hypothecary creditor; and so Severus and Antoninus replied in a rescript.
§42.6.1.4Sed etiam aduersus fiscum et municipes impetraretur separatio.
But separation would also be obtained against the treasury and municipalities.
§42.6.1.5Quaesitum est, an interdum etiam heredis creditores possunt separationem impetrare, si forte ille in fraudem ipsorum adierit hereditatem.
The question was raised whether sometimes the creditors of the heir can also obtain separation, if perhaps he entered upon the inheritance to defraud them.
sed nullum remedium est proditum: sibi enim imputent, qui cum tali contraxerunt: nisi si extra ordinem putamus praetorem aduersus calliditatem eius subuenire, qui talem fraudem commentus est: quod non facile admissum est.
But no remedy has been provided; for they must blame themselves for having contracted with such a person, unless we think that the praetor extraordinarily succors against the cunning of him who devised such a fraud; which is not easily admitted.
§42.6.1.6Sed si quis suspectam hereditatem dicens compulsus fuerit adire et restituere hereditatem, deinde non sit cui restituat, ex quibus casibus solet hoc euenire. et ipsi quidem desideranti succurri sibi aduersus creditores hereditarios subueniemus: hoc et diuus Pius rescripsit, ut perinde testatoris bona uenirent, atque si adita hereditas non fuisset.
But if anyone, declaring the inheritance to be suspected, has been compelled to enter upon and restore the inheritance, and then there is no one to whom he may restore it—cases from which this is accustomed to happen—we shall indeed succor him if he himself desires to be relieved against the hereditary creditors; the deified Pius also replied in a rescript that the goods of the testator should be sold just as if the inheritance had not been entered upon.
creditoribus quoque huiusmodi heredis desiderantibus hoc idem praestandum puto, licet ipse non desiderauit, ut quasi separatio quaedam praestetur.
I think that this same benefit should also be granted to the creditors of such an heir if they desire it, even if he himself did not desire it, so that a kind of separation, as it were, is provided.
§42.6.1.7Item uideamus, si quis heres parenti extiterit, cum esset impubes, deinde intra pubertatem decesserit et substituti bona ueneant, qui impuberis hereditatem adiit, an patris creditores possint separationem impetrare.
Likewise, let us see, if someone became heir to his parent when he was under puberty, and then died within puberty, and the assets of the substitute heir who entered upon the inheritance of the pupil are sold, whether the father's creditors can obtain a separation.
et puto posse: hoc amplius puto etiam impuberis creditores posse separationem aduersus creditores heredis eius impetrare.
And I think they can; furthermore, I think that the pupil's creditors can also obtain a separation against the creditors of his heir.
§42.6.1.8Secundum haec uideamus, si Primus Secundum heredem scripserit, Secundus Tertium et Tertii bona ueneant, qui creditores possint separationem impetrare.
According to this, let us see, if Primus has appointed Secundus as his heir, Secundus has appointed Tertius, and the assets of Tertius are sold, which creditors can obtain a separation.
et putem, si quidem Primi creditores petant, utique audiendos et aduersus Secundi et aduersus Tertii creditores: si uero Secundi creditores petant, aduersus Tertii utique eos impetrare posse, aduersus Primi autem non posse.
And I should think that if indeed the creditors of Primus make the request, they must certainly be heard against both the creditors of Secundus and those of Tertius; but if the creditors of Secundus make the request, they can indeed obtain it against those of Tertius, but they cannot against those of Primus.
in summa Primi quidem creditores aduersus omnes impetrare possunt separationem, Secundi creditores aduersus Primi non possunt, aduersus Tertii possunt.
In sum, the creditors of Primus can obtain a separation against all, the creditors of Secundus cannot obtain it against those of Primus, but can against those of Tertius.