[IULIANUS libro quadragensimo quarto digestorum. ] §41.4.7.prQui fundum pro emptore possidebat, antequam diutinam possessionem impleret, decessit: serui, qui in possessionem relicti fuerant, discesserunt relinquendae eius gratia: quaesitum est, an nihilo minus heredi tempus longae possessionis procedere potest.
[JULIANUS, Digest, book 44]\n\nHe who was possessing a tract of land as a purchaser died before completing long-term possession; the slaves who had been left in possession departed for the sake of abandoning it. The question arose whether the time of long-term possession could nevertheless run for the heir.
respondit etiam discedentibus seruis hoc tempus heredi procedere. §41.4.7.1Si fundum Cornelianum pro emptore longa possessione capiam et partem ex uicini fundo ei adiciam, utrum eam quoque partem reliquo tempore pro emptore capiam an integro statuto tempore? respondi: partes, quae emptioni fundi adiciuntur, propriam ac separatam condicionem habent, et ideo possessionem quoque earum separatim nancisci oportere et longam possessionem earum integro statuto tempore impleri.
He answered that even though the slaves departed, this time runs for the heir.\n\nIf I should acquire the Cornelian estate as a purchaser by long-term possession, and I add a part from a neighbor's estate to it, do I acquire that part also as a purchaser in the remaining time, or in the whole prescribed time? He answered: the parts which are added to the purchase of an estate have their own and separate legal condition, and therefore it is necessary to acquire possession of them also separately, and their long-term possession is completed in the whole prescribed time.\n\nMy slave commissioned Titius to buy a tract of land for him, and Titius delivered possession of it to him after he was manumitted; the question arose whether he acquired it by long-term possession.
§41.4.7.2Seruus meus Titio mandauit, ut fundum ei emeret, eique manumisso Titius possessionem tradidit: quaesitum est, an longa possessione caperet. respondit, si seruus meus mandauerit Titio, ut fundum emeret, et manumisso ei Titius fundum tradiderit, cum putaret peculium ei concessum esse uel etiam cum ignoraret peculium concessum non esse, nihilo minus seruum diutina possessione capere, quia aut scit seruus peculium sibi concessum non esse aut scire debet et per hoc similis est ei, qui se creditorem esse simulat.
He answered that if my slave commissioned Titius to buy a tract of land, and Titius delivered the land to him after he was manumitted, although he believed that a peculium had been granted to him, or even although he did not know that a peculium had not been granted, the slave nevertheless does not acquire by long-term possession, because the slave either knows that a peculium has not been granted to him or ought to know, and through this he is similar to one who pretends to be a creditor.
quod si scierit Titius peculium manumisso concessum non esse, donare potius quam indebitum fundum soluere intellegendus est. §41.4.7.3si tutor rem pupilli subripuerit et uendiderit, usucapio non contingit, priusquam res in potestatem pupilli redeat: nam tutor in re pupilli tunc domini loco habetur, cum tutelam administrat, non cum pupillum spoliat. §41.4.7.4qui bona fide alienum fundum emit et possessionem eius amisit, deinde eo tempore adprehendisset, quo scit rem alienam esse, non capiet longo tempore, quia initium secundae possessionis uitio non carebit, nec similis est ei, qui emptionis quidem tempore putat fundum uendentis esse, sed cum traditur, scit alienum esse: cum enim semel amissa fuerit possessio, initium rursus reciperatae possessionis spectari oportet.
But if Titius knew that a peculium had not been granted to the manumitted person, he must be understood to have made a gift rather than to have paid a tract of land that was not owed.\n\nIf a tutor steals and sells a property of his pupil, usucapion does not occur before the property returns to the power of the pupil; for a tutor is regarded as being in the position of owner in respect of the pupil's property when he administers the tutelage, not when he despoils the pupil.\n\nHe who in good faith bought another's estate and lost possession of it, and then seized it at a time when he knew it was another's, will not acquire it by long-term possession, because the beginning of the second possession will not be free from defect; nor is he similar to one who at the time of purchase indeed thinks the estate belongs to the seller, but when it is delivered, knows it is another's; for when possession has once been lost, the beginning of the newly recovered possession must be looked at.
quare si eo tempore redhibeatur homo, quo emptor scit alienum esse, usucapio non contingit, quamuis antequam uenderet, in ea causa fuerit, ut usucaperet.
Therefore, if a slave is returned at a time when the buyer knows he belongs to another, usucapion does not occur, although before he sold him, he was in a position to usucapt.
idem iuris est in eo, qui de fundo deiectus possessionem per interdictum recuperauit, sciens iam alienum esse. §41.4.7.5qui sciens emit ab eo, quem praetor ut suspectum heredem deminuere uetuit, usu non capiet. §41.4.7.6Procurator tuus si fundum, quem centum aureis uendere poterat, addixerit triginta aureis in hoc solum, ut te damno adficeret, ignorante emptore, dubitari non oportet, quin emptor longo tempore capiat: nam et cum sciens quis alienum fundum uendidit ignoranti, non interpellatur longa possessio.
The same rule of law applies to him who, having been ejected from an estate, recovered possession by an interdict, knowing by then that it belonged to another.\n\nHe who knowingly buys from one whom the praetor has forbidden to alienate as a suspect heir, will not acquire by usucapion.\n\nIf your procurator, solely in order to inflict a loss on you, knocked down for thirty aurei a tract of land which he could have sold for a hundred aurei, the buyer being ignorant of this, there is no doubt that the buyer acquires it by long-term possession; for even when someone knowingly sells another's land to one who is ignorant of the fact, long-term possession is not interrupted.
quod si emptor cum procuratore collusit et eum praemio corrupit, quo uilius mercaretur, non intellegetur bonae fidei emptor nec longo tempore capiet: et si aduersus petentem dominum uti coeperit exceptione rei uoluntate eius uenditae, replicationem doli utilem futuram esse. §41.4.7.7Furtiua res non intellegitur redisse in domini potestatem, quamuis possideret eam, si modo ignorauerit subreptam sibi esse: si igitur seruum, qui tibi subreptus erat, ignoranti tibi tuum esse pignori dedero et soluta pecunia cum Titio uendidero, Titius usucapere non poterit. §41.4.7.8Liber homo, qui bona fide nobis seruit, isdem modis ex re nostra adquirit nobis, quibus per seruum nostrum adquirere solemus: quare sicut traditione, ita usucapione rem nostram faciemus interueniente libera persona, et si peculii nomine, quod nos sequi debet, emptio contracta fuerit, etiam ignorantes usucapiemus.
But if the buyer colluded with the procurator and corrupted him with a reward so that he might buy it cheaper, he will not be understood to be a purchaser in good faith, nor will he acquire it by long-term possession; and if he begins to use against the owner who seeks the property the exception of property sold with his consent, the replication of fraud will be available.\n\nA stolen thing is not understood to have returned to the power of the owner, even though he should possess it, provided that he was ignorant of its having been stolen from him; if, therefore, I should give to you as a pledge a slave who had been stolen from you, you being ignorant that he was yours, and, after the money was paid, I should sell him to Titius, Titius will not be able to usucapt.\n\nA free person who serves us in good faith acquires for us from our property in the same ways as we are accustomed to acquire through our own slave; therefore, just as by delivery, so also by usucapion we shall make a thing ours through the intervention of a free person, and if a purchase was contracted in the name of a peculium which ought to belong to us, we shall usucapt even without knowing it.