§11.3.153igitur in laudationibus, nisi si funebres erunt, gratiarum actione, exhortatione, similibus laeta et magnifica et sublimis est actio.
Therefore in panegyrics, unless they are funeral speeches, in thanksgiving, exhortation, and the like, the delivery is cheerful, magnificent, and sublime.
funebres contiones, consolationes, plerumque causae reorum tristes atque summissae.
Funeral speeches, consolations, and for the most part the causes of defendants are sad and subdued.
in senatu conservanda auctoritas, apud populum dignitas, in privatis modus.
In the senate, authority must be preserved; before the people, dignity; in private cases, moderation.
De partibus causae et sententiis verbisque, quae sunt multiplicia, pluribus dicendum.
More must be said about the parts of a cause, and about thoughts and words, which are manifold.
§11.3.154tria autem praestare debet pronuntiatio: conciliet, persuadeat, moveat, quibus natura cohaeret, ut etiam delectet.
Now delivery ought to perform three things: it should conciliate, persuade, and move, with which it is naturally connected that it should also delight.
conciliatio fere aut commendatione morum, qui nescio quomodo ex voce etiam atque actione perlucent, aut orationis suavitate constat; persuadendi vis adfirmatione, quae interim plus ipsis probationibus valet.
Conciliation consists generally either in the recommendation of character, which in some way shines through even from the voice and action, or in the sweetness of the speech; the power of persuading consists in assertion, which sometimes is worth more than the proofs themselves.
§11.3.155an ista, inquit Calidio Cicero, si vera essent, sic a te dicerentur? et, tantum abfuit, ut inflammares nostros animos; somnum isto loco vix tenebamus Fiducia igitur appareat et constantia, utique si auctoritas subest.
"If those things were true," says Cicero to Calidius, "would they be spoken by you in this manner?" And, "so far were you from inflaming our minds; we could scarcely keep ourselves awake at that passage." Therefore, confidence and firmness should appear, especially if authority is underlying.
§11.3.156movendi autem ratio aut in repraesentandis est aut imitandis adfectibus.
But the method of moving consists either in representing or in imitating emotions.
ergo cum iudex in privatis aut praeco in publicis dicere de causa iusserit, leniter consurgendum; tum in componenda toga vel, si necesse erit, etiam ex integro inicienda, dumtaxat in iudiciis (apud principem enim et magistratus ac tribunalia non licebit), paulum est commorandum, ut et amictus sit decentior et protinus aliquid spatii ad cogitandum.
Therefore, when the judge in private cases, or the herald in public ones, has ordered one to speak on the cause, one must rise gently; then in arranging the toga, or, if it shall be necessary, even throwing it on afresh, at least in the courts (for before the emperor and magistrates and tribunals it will not be permitted), one must pause for a little while, both so that the attire may be more becoming and that there may be immediately some space for thinking.
§11.3.157etiam cum ad iudicem nos converterimus, et consultus praetor permiserit dicere, non protinus est erumpendum, sed danda brevis cogitationi mora.
Even when we have turned to the judge, and the praetor, having been consulted, has permitted us to speak, we must not burst forth immediately, but a brief delay must be given for thought.
mire enim auditurum dicturi cura delectat, et iudex se ipse componit.
For the care of the one about to speak wonderfully delights the one who is about to listen, and the judge himself composes himself.
§11.3.158hoc praecipit Homerus Ulixis exemplo, quem stetisse oculis in terram defixis immotoque sceptro, priusquam illam eloquentiae procellam effunderet, dicit.
Homer teaches this by the example of Ulysses, whom he says to have stood with eyes fixed on the ground and with motionless scepter, before he poured forth that tempest of eloquence.
in hac cunctatione sunt quaedam non indecentes, ut appellant scenici, morae, caput mulcere, manum intueri, infringere articulos, simulare conatum, suspiratione sollicitudinem fateri, aut quod quemque magis decet, eaque diutius, si iudex nondum intendet animum.
In this hesitation there are certain not unseemly delays, as the actors call them: to stroke the head, look at the hand, crack the joints, simulate an effort, confess anxiety by a sigh, or whatever becomes each person more, and those for a longer time, if the judge does not yet direct his mind.
§11.3.159status sit rectus, aequi et diducti paulum pedes vel procedens minimo momento sinister; genua recta, sic tamen, ut non extendantur; humeri remissi, vultus severus, non maestus nec stupens nec languidus; brachia a latere modice remota; manus sinistra, qualem supra demonstraui; dextra, cum iam incipiendum erit, paulum prolata ultra sinum gestu quam modestissimo, velut spectans quando incipiendum sit.
The posture should be erect, the feet even and slightly separated, or the left foot advancing by the very smallest degree; the knees straight, yet in such a way that they are not stretched tight; the shoulders relaxed, the countenance severe, not sad, nor stupefied, nor languid; the arms moderately removed from the side; the left hand such as I have shown above; the right hand, when it is now time to begin, brought forward a little beyond the fold with the most modest gesture, as if watching when to begin.
§11.3.160vitiosa enim sunt illa, intueri lacunaria, perfricare faciem et quasi improbam facere, tendere confidentia vultum aut, quo sit magis torvus, superciliis adstringere, capillos a fronte contra naturam retroagere, ut sit horror ille terribilis; tum, id quod Graeci frequentissime faciunt, crebro digitorum labiorumque motu commentari, dare excreare, pedem alterum longe proferre, partem togae sinistra tenere, stare diductum vel rigidum vel supinum vel incurvum vel humeris, ut luctaturi solent, ad occipitium ductis.
For those things are faulty: to look at the coffered ceiling, to rub the face and make it as it were shameless, to strain the countenance with self-confidence or, so that it may be more grim, to contract it with the eyebrows, to push back the hair from the forehead against nature, so that there may be that terrible roughness; then, which the Greeks do most frequently, to rehearse with frequent motion of the fingers and lips, to clear the throat and spit, to advance one foot far forward, to hold a part of the toga with the left hand, to stand with feet wide apart, or rigid, or leaning backward, or bent, or with shoulders drawn back to the occiput, as those about to wrestle are accustomed to do.
§11.3.161prooemio frequentissime lenis convenit pronuntiatio.
For the introduction, a gentle delivery is most frequently appropriate.
nihil enim est ad conciliandum gratius verecundia, non tamen semper; neque enim uno modo dicuntur exordia, ut docui.
For nothing is more pleasing for conciliating than modesty, yet not always; for introductions are not spoken in one way, as I have taught.
plerumque tamen et vox temperata et gestus modestus et sedens humero toga et laterum lenis in utramque partem motus, eodem spectantibus oculis, decebit.
Generally, however, a tempered voice, a modest gesture, the toga sitting well on the shoulder, and a gentle motion of the sides in either direction, with the eyes looking in the same direction, will be becoming.
§11.3.162narratio magis prolatam manum, amictum recidentem, gestum distinctum, vocem sermoni proximam et tantum acriorem, sonum simplicem frequentissime postulabit in his dumtaxat: Q. enim Ligarius, cum esset in Africa nulla belli suspicio, et A. Cluentius Habitus paler huiusce. aliud in eadem poscent adfectus, vel concitati nubit genero socrus, vel flebiles constituitur in foro Laodiceae spectaculum acerbum et miserum toti Asiae provinciae. maxime varia et multiplex actio est probationum.
The narrative will most frequently require a more extended hand, the attire falling back, a distinct gesture, a voice closest to conversation and only slightly sharper, and a simple sound, at least in these passages: "For Quintus Ligarius, when there was in Africa no suspicion of war," and "Aulus Cluentius Habitus, the father of this man." In the same narrative, emotions will demand something else, either excited emotions, "the mother-in-law marries her son-in-law," or mournful ones, "there is set up in the forum of Laodicea a spectacle bitter and wretched to the whole province of Asia." The delivery of proofs is especially varied and manifold.