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Livy · History of Rome §28.7.1-28.7.18

Philip's Counter-Offensive and the Allied Retreat

Passage 904 of 1770 · Latin

Summary

Philip, arriving too late to save Oreus, moves to defend Chalcis and captures several towns. Meanwhile, King Attalus withdraws to Asia due to Bithynia's invasion, the Roman fleet retreats, and Philip heads to Aegium for the Achaean council.

§28.7.1Philippum et ignes ab Oreo editi monuerant, sed serius Platoris fraude ex specula elati; et inpari maritumis viribus haud facilis erat in insulam classi accessus.
Philip had also been warned by the beacons raised from Oreus, but too late, as they had been raised from the watchtower through the treachery of Plator; and with unequal naval forces, access to the island was by no means easy for the fleet.
§28.7.2ita res per cunctationem omissa.
Thus the matter was abandoned through hesitation.
ad Chalcidis auxilium, ubi signum accepit, impigre est motus; nam et ipsa Chalcis quamquam eiusdem insulae urbs est, tamen adeo arto interscinditur freto, ut ponte continenti iungatur terraque aditum faciliorem quam mari habeat.
He moved vigorously to the aid of Chalcis as soon as he received the signal; for Chalcis itself, although a city of the same island, is nevertheless divided by so narrow a strait that it is joined to the mainland by a bridge and has an easier approach by land than by sea.
§28.7.3rediit igitur Philippus ab Demetriade Scotussam.
Philip therefore returned from Demetrias to Scotussa.
inde de tertia vigilia profectus deiecto praesidio fusisque Aetolis, qui saltum Thermopylarum insidebant, cum trepidos hostis Heracleam compulisset, ipse uno die Phocidis Elatiam milia amplius sexaginta contendit.
Setting out thence during the third watch, having dislodged the garrison and routed the Aetolians who were occupying the pass of Thermopylae, when he had driven the terrified enemy into Heraclea, he himself marched more than sixty miles in a single day to Elatia in Phocis.
§28.7.4eodem ferme die ab Attalo rege Opuntiorum urbs capta diripiebatur.
On almost the same day, the city of the Opuntians was captured and plundered by King Attalus.
concesserat eam regi praedam Sulpicius, quia Oreum paucos ante dies ab Romano milite expertibus regiis direptum fuerat.
Sulpicius had conceded that plunder to the king, because a few days before, Oreus had been plundered by the Roman soldiers to the exclusion of the king's forces.
§28.7.5Romana classis Oreum sese receperat et Attalus ignarus adventus Philippi pecuniis a principibus exigendis terebat tempus, §28.7.6adeoque inprovisa res fuit, ut, nisi Cretensium quidam forte pabulatum ab urbe longius progressi agmen hostium procul conspexissent, opprimi potuerit.
The Roman fleet had retired to Oreus, and Attalus, ignorant of Philip's arrival, was wasting time in exacting money from the leading citizens, and the matter was so unexpected that, unless some Cretans, who had happened to advance further from the city to forage, had sighted the enemy's column from afar, they could have been overwhelmed.
§28.7.7Attalus inermis atque incompositus cursu effuso mare ac naves petit, et molientibus ab terra naves Philippus supervenit tumultumque etiam ex terra nauticis praebuit.
Attalus, unarmed and in disorder, hastened in headlong flight to the sea and the ships, and as they were laboring to push the ships off from the land, Philip came upon them and caused panic even from the land among the sailors.
§28.7.8inde Opuntem rediit deos hominesque accusans, quod tantae rei fortunam ex oculis prope raptam amisisset.
Thence he returned to Opus, accusing gods and men because he had lost the fortune of so great a prize, which had been snatched almost from his very eyes.
§28.7.9Opuntii quoque ab eadem ira increpiti, quod, cum trahere obsidionem in adventum suum potuissent, viso statim hoste prope in voluntariam deditionem concessissent.
The Opuntians also were rebuked with the same anger, because, although they could have prolonged the siege until his arrival, they had yielded to an almost voluntary surrender as soon as they saw the enemy.
compositis circa Opuntem rebus Thronium est profectus.
Having settled affairs around Opus, he set out for Thronium.
§28.7.10et Attalus primo Oreum est profectus; inde, cum fama accidisset Prusian Bithyniae regem in fines regni sui transgressum, omissis Romanis rebus atque Aetolico bello in Asiam traiecit.
And Attalus first proceeded to Oreus; thence, when a rumor arrived that Prusias, the king of Bithynia, had crossed into the borders of his kingdom, leaving Roman affairs and the Aetolian war, he crossed over into Asia.
§28.7.11et Sulpicius Aeginam classem recepit, unde initio veris profectus erat.
Sulpicius also withdrew his fleet to Aegina, whence he had set out at the beginning of spring.
§28.7.12haudmaiore certamine, quam Opuntem Attalus ceperat, Philippus Thronium cepit.
With no greater struggle than that with which Attalus had taken Opus, Philip captured Thronium.
incolebant urbem eam profugi ab Thebis Phthioticis; urbe sua capta a Philippo cum in fidem Aetolorum perfugissent, sedem iis Aetoli eam dederant urbis vastae ac desertae priore eiusdem Philippi bello.
That city was inhabited by refugees from Phthiotic Thebes; when their own city had been captured by Philip and they had fled to the protection of the Aetolians, the Aetolians had given them this seat in a city devastated and deserted during a previous war of the same Philip.
§28.7.13tum ab Thronio, sicut paulo ante dictum est, recepto profectus Tithronion et Drymias, Doridis parva atque ignobilia oppida, cepit.
Then, setting out from the recovered Thronium, as has been said a little before, he captured Tithronium and Drymias, small and ignoble towns of Doris.
inde Elatiam, iussis ibi se opperiri Ptolemaei Rhodiorumque legatis, venit.
Thence he came to Elatia, having ordered the envoys of Ptolemy and the Rhodians to await him there.
§28.7.14ubi cum de finiendo Aetolico bello ageretur — adfuerant enim legati nuper Heracleae concilio Romanorum Aetolorumque —, nuntius adfertur Machanidam Olympiorum sollemne ludicrum parantes Elios adgredi statuisse.
While they were treating there concerning the ending of the Aetolian war — for the envoys had recently been present at the council of the Romans and Aetolians at Heraclea —, news was brought that Machanidas had decided to attack the Eleans as they were preparing the solemn games of the Olympiad.
§28.7.15praevertendum id ratus legatis cum benigno responso dimissis, se neque causam eius belli fuisse nec moram, si modo aequa et honesta condicione liceat, §28.7.16paci facturum, cum expedito agmine profectus per Boeotiam Megara atque inde Corinthum descendit, unde commeatibus sumptis Phliunta Pheneumque petit.
Thinking that this should be dealt with first, he dismissed the envoys with a favorable response, stating that he had neither been the cause of that war nor, if only it were permitted under fair and honorable conditions, would he be any obstacle to peace; then setting out with an unencumbered army, he marched through Boeotia to Megara and thence down to Corinth, where, having taken provisions, he headed for Phlius and Pheneus.
§28.7.17et iam cum Heraeam venisset audito Machanidam fama adventus sui territum refugisse Lacedaemonem, Aegium se ad concilium Achaeorum recepit, simul classem Punicam, ut mari quoque aliquid posset, accitam ibi ratus se inventurum.
And when he had already come to Heraea, on hearing the news that Machanidas, terrified by the rumor of his approach, had fled back to Lacedaemon, he betook himself to Aegium for the council of the Achaeans, expecting to find there the Carthaginian fleet, which had been summoned so that he might also be able to achieve something by sea.
§28.7.18paucis ante diebus Is inde Oxeas traiecerant Poeni; inde portus Acarnanum petierant, cum ab Oreo profectum Attalum Romanosque audissent, veriti, ne ad se iretur et intra Rhium — fauces eae sunt Corinthii sinus — opprimerentur.
A few days before, the Carthaginians had crossed from there to the Oxeae islands, and thence had headed for the harbors of the Acarnanians; for when they heard that Attalus and the Romans had set out from Oreus, they feared lest they should be attacked and overwhelmed within Rhium — which is the throat of the Corinthian Gulf.

Notes

  1. §28.7.1serius Platoris fraude ex specula elati — The participle elati is a masculine plural perfect participle agreeing with the preceding subject ignes (beacons). The comparative serius ('too late' or 'later than proper') indicates that the beacons were raised from the watchtower too late due to Plator's treachery.
  2. §28.7.6opprimi potuerit — This is the apodosis to the conditional clause nisi ... conspexissent (pluperfect subjunctive, past contrary-to-fact). Because it is embedded in a result clause introduced by ut, the perfect subjunctive potuerit is used instead of the pluperfect subjunctive (such as opprimi potuisset), emphasizing the past potentiality ('could have been overwhelmed').
  3. §28.7.15moram paci facturum — Part of the accusative and infinitive construction expressing the reported speech (the response to the envoys). The omitted subject accusative se refers to Philip. The dative paci depends on moram facere (to cause delay/obstacle to), meaning 'he would not cause any obstacle to peace.'
  4. §28.7.17audito Machanidam fama adventus sui territum refugisse — An impersonal ablative absolute construction with the neuter singular ablative audito. The following accusative and infinitive clause (Machanidam ... refugisse) functions as the logical subject of the ablative ('it having been heard that Machanidas had fled').

Cite this passage

Livy, History of Rome §28.7.1-28.7.18. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0914.phi001.humanitext-lat2:28.7.1-28.7.18

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