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Cicero · Letters to Friends §10.30.1-10.30.5

Galba's Report on the Battle of Forum Gallorum

Passage 230 of 413 · Latin

Summary

Galba reports to Cicero in detail on the Battle of Forum Gallorum on April 14th, describing the fierce combat with Antony's forces and the subsequent dramatic victory.

§10.30.1A. d. xviii K. Mai. , quo die Pansa in castris Hirti erat futurus, cum quo ego eram (nam ei obviam processeram millia passus centum, quo maturius veniret), Antonius legiones eduxit duas, secundam et quintam tricesimam, et cohortis praetorias duas, unam suam, alteram Silani, et evocatorum partem.
On April 14th, the day Pansa was to be in Hirtius' camp, with whom I was (for I had gone to meet him a hundred miles, so that he might arrive more quickly), Antony led out two legions, the second and the thirty-fifth, and two praetorian cohorts, one of his own, the other of Silanus, and a part of the recalled veterans.
ita obviam venit nobis, quod nos quattuor legiones tironum habere solum arbitrabatur.
Thus he came to meet us, because he thought we had only four legions of recruits.
sed noctu, quo tutius venire in castra potuissemus, legionem Martiam, cui ego praeesse solebam, et duas cohortis praetorias miserat Hirtius nobis.
But by night, so that we might have been able to come into the camp more safely, Hirtius had sent us the Martian legion, which I used to command, and two praetorian cohorts.
§10.30.2Cum equites Antoni apparuissent, contineri neque legio Martia neque cohortes praetoriae potuerunt; quas sequi coepimus coacti, quoniam retinere eas non potueramus.
When Antony's cavalry appeared, neither the Martian legion nor the praetorian cohorts could be held back; whom we, being forced, began to follow, since we had not been able to restrain them.
Antonius ad forum Gallorum suas copias continebat neque sciri volebat se legiones habere; tantum equitatum et levem armaturam ostendebat.
Antony was keeping his forces at Forum Gallorum and did not want it to be known that he had legions; he was showing only cavalry and light-armed troops.
postea quam vidit se invito legionem ire Pansa, sequi se duas legiones iussit tironum.
After Pansa saw the legion going against his will, he ordered two legions of recruits to follow him.
postea quam angustias paludis et silvarum transiimus, acies est instructa a nobis xii cohortium; nondum venerant legiones duae:
After we crossed the narrow pass of the swamp and woods, a line of battle of twelve cohorts was drawn up by us; the two legions had not yet arrived.
§10.30.3repente Antonius in aciem suas copias de vico produxit et sine mora concurrit.
Suddenly Antony led his forces out of the village into line of battle and clashed without delay.
primo ita pugnatum est, ut acrius non posset ex utraque parte pugnari; etsi dexterius cornu, in quo ego eram cum Martiae legionis cohortibus octo, impetu primo fugaverat legionem xxxv Antoni, ut amplius passus D ultra aciem, quo loco steterat, processerit.
At first, the battle was fought in such a way that it could not be fought more fiercely on either side; although the right wing, on which I was with eight cohorts of the Martian legion, had routed Antony's thirty-fifth legion at the first charge, so that it advanced more than five hundred paces beyond the line of battle where it had stood.
itaque cum equites nostrum cornu circumire vellent, recipere me coepi et levem armaturam opponere Maurorum equitibus, ne aversos nostros adgrederentur.
Therefore, when the cavalry wished to surround our wing, I began to retreat and to oppose the light-armed troops to the Moorish cavalry, lest they should attack our men from behind.
interim video me esse inter Antonianos Antoniumque post me esse aliquanto.
Meanwhile, I see that I am among the Antonians and that Antony is some distance behind me.
repente equum immisi ad eam legionem tironum, quae veniebat ex castris, scuto reiecto.
Suddenly I spurred my horse toward that legion of recruits which was coming from the camp, with my shield thrown back.
Antoniani me insequi; nostri pila coicere velle.
The Antonians pursued me; our men wanted to hurl their javelins.
ita nescio quo fato sum servatus, quod sum cito a nostris cognitus.
Thus, by I know not what fate, I was saved, because I was quickly recognized by our men.
§10.30.4in ipsa Aemilia, ubi cohors Caesaris praetoria erat, diu pugnatum est.
On the Aemilian Road itself, where Caesar's praetorian cohort was, the battle was fought for a long time.
cornu sinisterius, quod erat infirmius, ubi Martiae legionis duae cohortes erant et to cohors praetoria, pedem referre coeperunt, quod ab equitatu circumibantur, quo vel plurimum valet Antonius.
The left wing, which was weaker, where there were two cohorts of the Martian legion and a praetorian cohort, began to retreat, because they were being surrounded by the cavalry, in which Antony is strongest.
Cum omnes se recepissent nostri ordines, recipere me novissimus coepi ad castra.
When all our lines had retreated, I, the very last, began to retreat to the camp.
Antonius tamquam victor castra putavit se posse capere.
Antony, as if victor, thought he could capture the camp.
quo cum venit, compluris ibi amisit nec egit quicquam.
When he arrived there, he lost many men there and accomplished nothing.
audita re Hirtius cum cohortibus xx veteranis redeunti Antonio in sua castra occurrit copiasque eius omnis delevit, fugavit eodemque loco, ubi erat pugnatum, ad forum Gallorum; Antonius cum equitibus hora noctis quarta se in castra sua ad Mutinam recepit;
On hearing this, Hirtius, with twenty veteran cohorts, met Antony as he was returning to his camp and destroyed all his forces, routing them in the very same place where the battle had been fought, at Forum Gallorum; Antony with his cavalry retreated to his camp at Mutina at the fourth hour of the night.
§10.30.5Hirtius in ea castra redit, unde Pansa exierat, ubi duas legiones reliquerat, quae ab Antonio erant oppugnatae.
Hirtius returned to that camp from which Pansa had set out, where he had left two legions, which had been attacked by Antony.
sic partem maiorem suarum copiarum Antonius amisit veteranarum; nec id tamen sine aliqua iactura cohortium praetoriarum nostrarum et legionis Martiae fieri potuit.
Thus Antony lost the greater part of his veteran forces; yet this could not be done without some loss of our praetorian cohorts and of the Martian legion.
Aquilae duae, signa Lx sunt relata Antoni; res bene gesta est.
Two eagles and sixty standards of Antony were brought back; the business was well done.
A. d. xvii K. Mai. ex castris.
April 15th, from the camp.

Notes

  1. 10.30.1A. d. xviii K. Mai. — Abbreviation for `ante diem duodevicesimum Kalendas Maias`, referring to April 14th. The phrase originally derives from `die duodevicesimo ante Kalendas Maias` (the 18th day before the Kalends of May, calculated inclusively as April 14th). The preposition `ante` was pulled to the front, attracting the entire noun phrase into the accusative case (`diem duodevicesimum`), illustrating a characteristic idiomatic case attraction in Roman dating.
  2. 10.30.1quo maturius veniret — An example of the conjunction `quo` (originally an ablative of the relative pronoun) used instead of `ut` in a purpose clause containing a comparative adjective or adverb (`maturius`). It takes the imperfect subjunctive `veniret`, expressing the purpose: "so that he might arrive more quickly."
  3. 10.30.2se invito — An ablative absolute consisting of the pronoun `se` (referring to Pansa) and the adjective `invito` (unwilling). While ablative absolutes typically feature a participle, because Latin lacks a present participle for the verb 'to be', a noun or pronoun combined with an adjective can function as an adverbial phrase of concession or circumstance: 'against his will' or 'although he was unwilling'.
  4. 10.30.3Antoniani me insequi; nostri pila coicere velle. — A construction of the 'historical infinitive', where infinitives (`insequi`, `velle`) are used in place of main finite verbs. This is employed to vividly depict tense battle scenes or rapid succession of events. Grammatically, it functions like an imperfect (or perfect) indicative, and the subjects (`Antoniani`, `nostri`) remain in the nominative case.

Cite this passage

Cicero, Letters to Friends §10.30.1-10.30.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi056.humanitext-lat1:10.30.1-10.30.5

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