§10.prop3.101τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιούσης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν πέμπτην.
The square on a straight line which with a rational area makes a medial whole applied to a rational straight line produces as breadth a fifth apotome.
ἔστω ἡ μετὰ ῥητοῦ μέσον τὸ ὅλον ποιοῦσα ἡ ΑΒ, ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΓΔ, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΓΕ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΓΖ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ ΓΖ ἀποτομή ἐστι πέμπτη.
Let AB be a straight line which with a rational area makes a medial whole, and GD a rational straight line, and let there be applied to GD the rectangle GE equal to the square on AB, producing as breadth GZ; I say that GZ is a fifth apotome.
ἔστω γὰρ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΒΗ· αἱ ἄρα ΑΗ, ΗΒ εὐθεῖαι δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τετραγώνων μέσον, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ῥητόν.
For let BH be the annex to AB; therefore the straight lines AH, HB are incommensurable in square, making the sum of the squares on them medial, but twice the rectangle contained by them rational.
καὶ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΗ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΓΘ, τῷ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ ἴσον τὸ ΚΛ· ὅλον ἄρα τὸ ΓΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ. τὸ δὲ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ ἅμα μέσον ἐστίν·
And let there be applied to GD the rectangle GT equal to the square on AH, and the rectangle KL equal to the square on BH; therefore the whole GL is equal to the sum of the squares on AH, HB. And the sum of the squares on AH, HB is medial; therefore GL is also medial.
μέσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΓΛ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΓΔ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΓΜ·
And it is applied to the rational straight line GD, producing as breadth GM; therefore GM is rational and incommensurable with GD.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΜ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΓΔ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ὅλον τὸ ΓΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ, ὧν τὸ ΓΕ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ, λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΖΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ. τετμήσθω οὖν ἡ ΖΜ δίχα κατὰ τὸ Ν, καὶ ἤχθω διὰ τοῦ Ν ὁποτέρᾳ τῶν ΓΔ, ΜΛ παράλληλος ἡ ΝΞ· ἑκάτερον ἄρα τῶν ΖΞ, ΝΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ. καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ ῥητόν ἐστι καί ἴσον τῷ ΖΛ, ῥητὸν ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΖΛ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΕΖ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΖΜ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΖΜ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΓΔ μήκει.
And since the whole GL is equal to the sum of the squares on AH, HB, of which GE is equal to the square on AB, therefore the remainder ZL is equal to twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB. Let then ZM be bisected at N, and let there be drawn through N, parallel to either of GD, ML, the straight line NX; therefore each of ZX, NL is equal to the rectangle contained by AH, HB. And since twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB is rational and is equal to ZL, therefore ZL is rational. And it is applied to the rational straight line EZ, producing as breadth ZM; therefore ZM is rational and commensurable in length with GD.
καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸ μὲν ΓΛ μέσον ἐστίν, τὸ δὲ ΖΛ ῥητόν, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΓΛ τῷ ΖΛ. ὡς δὲ τὸ ΓΛ πρὸς τὸ ΖΛ, οὕτως ἡ ΓΜ πρὸς τὴν ΜΖ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΜ τῇ ΜΖ μήκει.
And since GL is medial, while ZL is rational, therefore GL is incommensurable with ZL. And as GL is to ZL, so is GM to MZ; therefore GM is incommensurable in length with MZ.
καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ἄρα ΓΜ, ΜΖ ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΖ.
λέγω δή, ὅτι καὶ πέμπτη.
And both are rational; therefore GM, MZ are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore GZ is an apotome. I say then that it is also a fifth apotome.
ὁμοίως γὰρ δείξομεν, ὅτι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΚΜ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΝΜ, τουτέστι τῷ τετάρτῳ μέρει τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΜ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΗ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ, ἴσον δὲ τὸ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΗ τῷ ΓΘ, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ τῷ ΚΛ, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα τὸ ΓΘ τῷ ΚΛ. ὡς δὲ τὸ ΓΘ πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ, οὕτως ἡ ΓΚ πρὸς τὴν ΚΜ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἡ ΓΚ τῇ ΚΜ μήκει.
For we shall prove similarly that the rectangle contained by GK, KM is equal to the square on NM, that is, to the fourth part of the square on ZM. And since the square on AH is incommensurable with the square on HB, and the square on AH is equal to GT, while the square on HB is equal to KL, therefore GT is incommensurable with KL. And as GT is to KL, so is GK to KM; therefore GK is incommensurable in length with KM.
ἐπεὶ οὖν δύο εὐθεῖαι ἄνισοί εἰσιν αἱ ΓΜ, ΜΖ, καὶ τῷ τετάρτῳ μέρει τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΜ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΜ παραβέβληται ἐλλεῖπον εἴδει τετραγώνῳ καὶ εἰς ἀσύμμετρα αὐτὴν διαιρεῖ, ἡ ἄρα ΓΜ τῆς ΜΖ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.
Since therefore GM, MZ are two unequal straight lines, and the rectangle equal to the fourth part of the square on ZM has been applied to GM, deficient by a square figure, and divides it into incommensurable parts, therefore GM is greater in square than MZ by the square on a straight line incommensurable in length with itself.
καί ἐστιν ἡ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΖΜ σύμμετρος τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΓΔ· ἡ ἄρα ΓΖ ἀποτομή ἐστι πέμπτη· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
And the annex ZM is commensurable in length with the set-out rational straight line GD; therefore GZ is a fifth apotome; which was to be proved.