§10.prop3.100τὸ ἀπὸ ἐλάσσονος παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ἀποτομὴν τετάρτην.
The square on a minor straight line applied to a rational straight line produces as breadth a fourth apotome.
ἔστω ἐλάσσων ἡ ΑΒ, ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΓΔ, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ ἴσον παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΓΕ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΓΖ· λέγω, ὅτι ἡ ΓΖ ἀποτομή ἐστι τετάρτη.
Let AB be a minor straight line, and GD a rational straight line, and let there be applied to the rational straight line GD the rectangle GE equal to the square on AB, producing as breadth GZ; I say that GZ is a fourth apotome.
ἔστω γὰρ τῇ ΑΒ προσαρμόζουσα ἡ ΒΗ· αἱ ἄρα ΑΗ, ΗΒ δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι ποιοῦσαι τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ τετραγώνων ῥητόν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ μέσον.
For let BH be the annex to AB; therefore AH, HB are incommensurable in square, making the sum of the squares on AH, HB rational, but twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB medial.
καὶ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΗ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω τὸ ΓΘ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΓΚ, τῷ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΗ ἴσον τὸ ΚΛ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΚΜ· ὅλον ἄρα τὸ ΓΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ. καί ἐστι τὸ συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ ῥητόν·
And let there be applied to GD the rectangle GT equal to the square on AH, producing as breadth GK, and let there be applied the rectangle KL equal to the square on BH, producing as breadth KM; therefore the whole GL is equal to the sum of the squares on AH, HB. And the sum of the squares on AH, HB is rational; therefore GL is also rational.
ῥητὸν ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ΓΛ. καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΓΔ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΓΜ· ῥητὴ ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΓΜ καὶ σύμμετρος τῇ ΓΔ μήκει.
And it is applied to the rational straight line GD, producing as breadth GM; therefore GM is also rational and commensurable in length with GD.
καὶ ἐπεὶ ὅλον τὸ ΓΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ, ὧν τὸ ΓΕ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ, λοιπὸν ἄρα τὸ ΖΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ. τετμήσθω οὖν ἡ ΖΜ δίχα κατὰ τὸ Ν σημεῖον, καὶ ἤχθω διὰ τοῦ Ν ὁποτέρᾳ τῶν ΓΔ, ΜΛ παράλληλος ἡ ΝΞ·
And since the whole GL is equal to the sum of the squares on AH, HB, of which GE is equal to the square on AB, therefore the remainder ZL is equal to twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB. Let then ZM be bisected at the point N, and let there be drawn through N, parallel to either of GD, ML, the straight line NX; therefore each of ZX, NL is equal to the rectangle contained by AH, HB.
ἑκάτερον ἄρα τῶν ΖΞ, ΝΛ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ. καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ μέσον ἐστὶ καί ἐστιν ἴσον τῷ ΖΛ, καὶ τὸ ΖΛ ἄρα μέσον ἐστίν.
And since twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB is medial and is equal to ZL, therefore ZL is also medial.
καὶ παρὰ ῥητὴν τὴν ΖΕ παράκειται πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΖΜ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΖΜ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΓΔ μήκει.
And it is applied to the rational straight line EZ, producing as breadth ZM; therefore ZM is rational and incommensurable in length with GD.
καὶ ἐπεὶ τὸ μὲν συγκείμενον ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ ῥητόν ἐστιν, τὸ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ μέσον, ἀσύμμετρα ἐστὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ τῷ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ. ἴσον δέ τὸ ΓΛ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ, τῷ δὲ δὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ ἴσον τὸ ΖΛ·
And since the sum of the squares on AH, HB is rational, while twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB is medial, the sum of the squares on AH, HB is incommensurable with twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB. And GL is equal to the sum of the squares on AH, HB, and to twice the rectangle contained by AH, HB ZL is equal; therefore GL is incommensurable with ZL.
ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα τὸ ΓΛ τῷ ΖΛ. ὡς δὲ τὸ ΓΛ πρὸς τὸ ΖΛ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΜ πρὸς τὴν ΜΖ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΜ τῇ ΜΖ μήκει.
And as GL is to ZL, so is GM to MZ; therefore GM is incommensurable in length with MZ.
καί εἰσιν ἀμφότεραι ῥηταί· αἱ ἄρα ΓΜ, ΜΖ ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι· ἀποτομὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΖ.
λέγω, ὅτι καὶ τετάρτη.
And both are rational; therefore GM, MZ are rational straight lines commensurable in square only; therefore GZ is an apotome. I say then that it is also a fourth apotome.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ αἱ ΑΗ, ΗΒ δυνάμει εἰσὶν ἀσύμμετροι, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΗ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ. καί ἐστι τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΗ ἴσον τὸ ΓΘ, τῷ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ ἴσον τὸ ΚΛ· ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΓΘ τῷ ΚΛ. ὡς δὲ τὸ ΓΘ πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΚ πρὸς τὴν ΚΜ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΚ τῇ ΚΜ μήκει.
For since AH, HB are incommensurable in square, therefore the square on AH is also incommensurable with the square on HB. And GT is equal to the square on AH, and KL is equal to the square on HB; therefore GT is incommensurable with KL. And as GT is to KL, so is GK to KM; therefore GK is incommensurable in length with KM.
καὶ ἐπεὶ τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ μέσον ἀνάλογόν ἐστι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ, καί ἐστιν ἴσον τὸ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΗ τῷ ΓΘ, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ΗΒ τῷ ΚΛ, τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΗ, ΗΒ τῷ ΝΛ, τῶν ἄρα ΓΘ, ΚΛ μέσον ἀνάλογόν ἐστι τὸ ΝΛ· ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ ΓΘ πρὸς τὸ ΝΛ, οὕτως τὸ ΝΛ πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ. ἀλλʼ ὡς μὲν τὸ ΓΘ πρὸς τὸ ΝΛ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΚ πρὸς τὴν ΝΜ, ὡς δὲ τὸ ΝΛ πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΝΜ πρὸς τὴν ΚΜ· ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΓΚ πρὸς τὴν ΜΝ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΜΝ πρὸς τὴν ΚΜ· τὸ ἄρα ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΚ, ΚΜ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΜΝ, τουτέστι τῷ τετάρτῳ μέρει τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΖΜ. ἐπεὶ οὖν δύο εὐθεῖαι ἄνισοί εἰσιν αἱ ΓΜ, ΜΖ, καὶ τῷ τετάρτῳ μέρει τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ΜΖ ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΜ παραβέβληται ἐλλεῖπον εἴδει τετραγώνῳ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΚ, ΚΜ καὶ εἰς ἀσύμμετρα αὐτὴν διαιρεῖ, ἡ ἄρα ΓΜ τῆς ΜΖ μεῖζον δύναται τῷ ἀπὸ ἀσυμμέτρου ἑαυτῇ.
And since the rectangle contained by AH, HB is a mean proportional between the squares on AH, HB, and the square on AH is equal to GT, and the square on HB is equal to KL, and the rectangle contained by AH, HB is equal to NL, therefore NL is a mean proportional between GT, KL; therefore, as GT is to NL, so is NL to KL. But as GT is to NL, so is GK to NM, and as NL is to KL, so is NM to KM; therefore, as GK is to MN, so is MN to KM; therefore the rectangle contained by GK, KM is equal to the square on MN, that is, to the fourth part of the square on ZM. Since therefore GM, MZ are two unequal straight lines, and the rectangle contained by GK, KM, which is equal to the fourth part of the square on MZ, has been applied to GM, deficient by a square figure and divides it into incommensurable parts, therefore GM is greater in square than MZ by the square on a straight line incommensurable in length with itself.
καί ἐστιν ὅλη ἡ ΓΜ σύμμετρος μήκει τῇ ἐκκειμένῃ ῥητῇ τῇ ΓΔ· ἡ ἄρα ΓΖ ἀποτομή ἐστι τετάρτη.
And the whole GM is commensurable in length with the set-out rational straight line GD; therefore GZ is a fourth apotome.
τὸ ἄρα ἀπὸ ἐλάσσονος καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς.
Therefore the square on a minor straight line, and so on.