§10.prop1.22τὸ ἀπὸ μέσης παρὰ ῥητὴν παραβαλλόμενον πλάτος ποιεῖ ῥητὴν καὶ ἀσύμμετρον τῇ, παρʼ ἣν παράκειται, μήκει.
The square on a medial straight line applied to a rational straight line produces as breadth a straight line which is rational and incommensurable in length with the straight line to which it is applied.
ἔστω μέση μὲν ἡ Α, ῥητὴ δὲ ἡ ΓΒ, καὶ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΒΓ παραβεβλήσθω χωρίον ὀρθογώνιον τὸ ΒΔ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΓΔ· λέγω, ὅτι ῥητή ἐστιν ἡ ΓΔ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΓΒ μήκει.
For let A be a medial straight line, and ΓB a rational straight line, and let there be applied to BΓ the rectangular area BΔ equal to the square on A, producing as breadth ΓΔ; I say that ΓΔ is rational and incommensurable in length with ΓB.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ μέση ἐστὶν ἡ Α, δύναται χωρίον περιεχόμενον ὑπὸ ῥητῶν δυνάμει μόνον συμμέτρων.
For since A is medial, it is equal in square to an area contained by rational straight lines commensurable in square only.
δυνάσθω τὸ ΗΖ. δύναται δὲ καὶ τὸ ΒΔ· ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΒΔ τῷ ΗΖ. ἔστι δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ ἰσογώνιον·
Let it be equal in square to HZ. But it is also equal in square to BΔ; therefore BΔ is equal to HZ.
τῶν δὲ ἴσων τε καὶ ἰσογωνίων παραλληλογράμμων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ πλευραὶ αἱ περὶ τὰς ἴσας γωνίας· ἀνάλογον ἄρα ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΒΓ πρὸς τὴν ΕΗ, οὕτως ἡ ΕΖ πρὸς τὴν ΓΔ. ἔστιν ἄρα καὶ ὡς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΒΓ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΗ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΖ πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΔ. σύμμετρον δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΒ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΗ· ῥητὴ γάρ ἐστιν ἑκατέρα αὐτῶν·
And it is also equiangular with it; and in equal and equiangular parallelograms the sides about the equal angles are reciprocally proportional; therefore, proportionally, as BΓ is to EH, so is EZ to ΓΔ. Therefore also, as the square on BΓ is to the square on EH, so is the square on EZ to the square on ΓΔ. But the square on ΓB is commensurable with the square on EH, for each of them is rational; therefore the square on EZ is also commensurable with the square on ΓΔ.
σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΖ τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΔ. ῥητὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΖ· ῥητὸν ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΔ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΔ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἀσύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ ΕΖ τῇ ΕΗ μήκει·
But the square on EZ is rational; therefore the square on ΓΔ is also rational; therefore ΓΔ is rational.
δυνάμει γὰρ μόνον εἰσὶ σύμμετροι· ὡς δὲ ἡ ΕΖ πρὸς τὴν ΕΗ, οὕτως τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΖ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΖΕ, ΕΗ, ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΖ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΖΕ, ΕΗ. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ΕΖ σύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΔ· ῥηταὶ γάρ εἰσι δυνάμει· τῷ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ΖΕ, ΕΗ σύμμετρόν ἐστι τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ· ἴσα γάρ ἐστι τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Α·
And since EZ is incommensurable in length with EH, for they are commensurable in square only, and as EZ is to EH, so is the square on EZ to the rectangle contained by ZE, EH, therefore the square on EZ is incommensurable with the rectangle contained by ZE, EH. But the square on EZ is commensurable with the square on ΓΔ, for they are rational in square; and the rectangle contained by ZE, EH is commensurable with the rectangle contained by AΓ, ΓB, for they are equal to the square on A; therefore the square on ΓΔ is also incommensurable with the rectangle contained by ΔΓ, ΓB.
ἀσύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΔ τῷ ὑπὸ τῶν ΔΓ, ΓΒ. ὡς δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ΓΔ πρὸς τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΔΓ, ΓΒ, οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ΔΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΒ· ἀσύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΔΓ τῇ ΓΒ μήκει.
And as the square on ΓΔ is to the rectangle contained by ΔΓ, ΓB, so is ΔΓ to ΓB; therefore ΔΓ is incommensurable in length with ΓB.
ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΓΔ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΓΒ μήκει· ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore ΓΔ is rational and incommensurable in length with ΓB; which was to be proved.
§10.prop1.23ἡ τῇ μέσῃ σύμμετρος μέση ἐστίν.
A straight line commensurable with a medial straight line is medial.
ἔστω μέση ἡ Α, καὶ τῇ Α σύμμετρος ἔστω ἡ Β· λέγω, ὅτι καὶ ἡ Β μέση ἐστίν.
Let A be a medial straight line, and let B be commensurable with A; I say that B is also medial.
Ἐκκείσθω γὰρ ῥητὴ ἡ ΓΔ, καὶ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω χωρίον ὀρθογώνιον τὸ ΓΕ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΕΔ· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΔ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΓΔ μήκει.
For let a rational straight line ΓΔ be set out, and let there be applied to ΓΔ the rectangular area ΓΕ equal to the square on A, producing as breadth ΕΔ; therefore ΕΔ is rational and incommensurable in length with ΓΔ.
τῷ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Β ἴσον παρὰ τὴν ΓΔ παραβεβλήσθω χωρίον ὀρθογώνιον τὸ ΓΖ πλάτος ποιοῦν τὴν ΔΖ. ἐπεὶ οὖν σύμμετρός ἐστιν ἡ Α τῇ Β, σύμμετρόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς Α τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Β. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Α ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΕΓ, τῷ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Β ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΓΖ·
And let there be applied to ΓΔ the rectangular area ΓΖ equal to the square on B, producing as breadth ΔΖ. Since then A is commensurable with B, the square on A is also commensurable with the square on B. But the square on A is equal to EΓ, and the square on B is equal to ΓΖ; therefore EΓ is commensurable with ΓΖ.
σύμμετρον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΕΓ τῷ ΓΖ. καί ἐστιν ὡς τὸ ΕΓ πρὸς τὸ ΓΖ, οὕτως ἡ ΕΔ πρὸς τὴν ΔΖ· σύμμετρος ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΔ τῇ ΔΖ μήκει.
And as EΓ is to ΓΖ, so is ΕΔ to ΔΖ; therefore ΕΔ is commensurable in length with ΔΖ.
ῥητὴ δέ ἐστιν ἡ ΕΔ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΔΓ μήκει· ῥητὴ ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΔΖ καὶ ἀσύμμετρος τῇ ΔΓ μήκει· αἱ ΓΔ, ΔΖ ἄρα ῥηταί εἰσι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι.
But ΕΔ is rational and incommensurable in length with ΔΓ; therefore ΔΖ is also rational and incommensurable in length with ΔΓ; therefore ΓΔ, ΔΖ are rational straight lines commensurable in square only.
ἡ δὲ τὸ ὑπὸ ῥητῶν δυνάμει μόνον συμμέτρων δυναμένη μέση ἐστίν.
And the straight line equal in square to the rectangle contained by rational straight lines commensurable in square only is medial.
ἡ ἄρα τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΔΖ δυναμένη μέση ἐστίν·
Therefore the straight line equal in square to the rectangle contained by ΓΔ, ΔΖ is medial.
καὶ δύναται τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ΓΔ, ΔΖ ἡ Β· μέση ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ Β.
Πόρισμα
ἐκ δὴ τούτου φανερόν, ὅτι τὸ τῷ μέσῳ χωρίῳ σύμμετρον μέσον ἐστίν.
And B is equal in square to the rectangle contained by ΓΔ, ΔΖ; therefore B is medial. Porism From this indeed it is manifest that the area commensurable with a medial area is medial.
ὡσαύτως δὲ τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν ῥητῶν εἰρημένοις καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν μέσων ἐξακολουθεῖ, τὴν τῇ μέσῃ μήκει σύμμετρον λέγεσθαι μέσην καὶ σύμμετρον αὐτῇ μὴ μόνον μήκει, ἀλλὰ καὶ δυνάμει, ἐπειδήπερ καθόλου αἱ μήκει σύμμετροι πάντως καὶ δυνάμει.
And in the same way as was said in the case of rational straight lines, it also follows in the case of medial straight lines that the straight line commensurable in length with a medial straight line is called medial and commensurable with it not only in length, but also in square, since in general straight lines commensurable in length are always commensurable in square as well.
ἐὰν δὲ τῇ μέσῃ σύμμετρός τις ᾖ δυνάμει, εἰ μὲν καὶ μήκει, λέγονται καὶ οὕτως μέσαι καὶ σύμμετροι μήκει καὶ δυνάμει, εἰ δὲ δυνάμει μόνον, λέγονται μέσαι δυνάμει μόνον σύμμετροι.
But if any straight line be commensurable in square with a medial straight line, if indeed it be also commensurable in length, they are called even so medial and commensurable in length and in square, but if in square only, they are called medial and commensurable in square only.