§2222.
22.
Ἱπποκράτους πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν Θεσσαλόν.
Hippocrates to his son Thessalus.
Ἱστορίης δὲ μελέτω σοι, ὦ παϊ, γεωμετρικῆς, καὶ ἀριθμήσιος· οὐ γὰρ μόνον σέο καὶ τὸν βίον εὐκλέα καὶ ἐπὶ πολλὰ χρήσιμον ἐς ἀνθρωπίνην μοίρην ἐπιτελέσει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ὀξυτέρην τε καὶ τηλαυγεστέρην κατὰ τὸ ἐν ἰητρικῇ ὀνῆσθαι πᾶν ὅ τι χρῄζει.
My child, let there be a care to you for the study of geometry and arithmetic; for it will not only make you and your life glorious and useful in many ways for human destiny, but will also make the soul sharper and clearer-sighted for benefiting from everything that is needed in medicine.
Καίτοι ἡ μὲν τῆς γεωμετρίης ἱστορίη ἐοῦσα πολύσχημός τε καὶ πολυειδὴς, καὶ πᾶν μετ’ ἀποδείξιος περαινομένη, ἔσται χρησίμη πρός τε τὰς τῶν ὀστέων θέσεις καὶ ἐξαρθρήσεις καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν τῶν μελέων τάξιν· ἐς τὴν γὰρ τουτέων πολυτροπίην εὐεπιγνωστότερος ἐὼν, ἐμβολῇ τε ἄρθρων καὶ τῇ τῶν ὀστέων τῶν συντριβομένων ἀναπρίσει τε καὶ ἐκτρυπήσει καὶ συνθέσει καὶ ἐξαιρέσει καὶ τῇ λοιπῇ θεραπείῃ χρήσῃ, εἰδὼς ὁκοῖόν τε χωρίον ἔστι καὶ τὸ ἐκ τούτου ἐξαιρεύμενον ὀστέον.
Indeed, the study of geometry, being multi-shaped and of many kinds, and accomplishing everything with demonstration, will be useful for the positions and dislocations of bones and the remaining arrangement of limbs; for being better able to recognize their variety, you will employ the reduction of joints and the sawing-apart, boring, putting together, extraction of fractured bones and the rest of the treatment, knowing what kind of place it is and the bone that is being extracted from it.
Ἡ δὲ τῆς ἀριθμήσιος τάξις πρός τε τὰς περιόδους καὶ εὐλόγους τῶν πυρετῶν μεταστάσιας καὶ τὰς κρίσιας τῶν νοσεόντων καὶ τὰς ἐν νούσοις ἀσφαλείας ἀρκέουσα ἔστω· μάλα γὰρ σεμνὸν ὑπηρεσίην ἔχειν ἐν ἰητρικῇ τοιήνδε, ἥτις σοι τὰ μέρεα τῆς ἐπιτάσιος καὶ τῆς ἀνέσιος ἄνισα ὄντα τὴν μοῖραν εὔγνωστα παρέχεται χωρὶς ἀμπλακίης· διὸ δὴ κάρτα ἐς δύναμιν ἀφικνέο τῆς τοιῆσδε ἐμπειρίης.
And let the order of arithmetic be sufficient for the periods and reasonable changes of fevers and the crises of the sick and the safety in diseases; for it is a very noble thing to have such a service in medicine, which makes the portions of exacerbation and remission, though being unequal in their share, easily known to you without error; wherefore indeed, attain as much as possible to the power of such experience.
Ἔῤῥωσο.
Farewell.
§2323.
23.
Δημόκριτος Ἱπποκράτει περὶ φύσιος ἀνθρώπου.
Democritus to Hippocrates, on the nature of man.
Χρὴ πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἰητρικὴν τέχνην ἐπίστασθαι, ὦ Ἱππόκρατες, καλὸν γὰρ ἅμα καὶ ξυμφέρον ἐς τὸν βίον, τουτέων δὲ μάλιστα τοὺς παιδείας καὶ λόγων ἴδριας γεγενημένους.
It is necessary for all men to understand the medical art, Hippocrates, for it is at once noble and beneficial for life, and of these, especially those who have become experienced in education and words.
Ἱστορίην σοφίης γὰρ δοκέω ἰητρικῆς ἀδελφὴν καὶ ξύνοικον· σοφίη μὲν γὰρ ψυχὴν ἀναρύεται παθέων, ἰητρικὴ δὲ νούσους σωμάτων ἀφαιρέεται.
For I think that the study of wisdom is the sister and housemate of medicine; for wisdom rescues the soul from passions, while medicine removes the diseases of bodies.
Αὔξεται δὲ νόος παρεούσης ὑγείης, ἣν καλὸν προνοέειν τοὺς ἐσθλὰ φρονέοντας· ἕξεως δὲ σωματικῆς ἀλγεούσης, οὐδὲ προθυμίην ἄγει νόος ἐς μελέτην ἀρετῆς· νοῦσος γὰρ παρεοῦσα δεινῶς ψυχὴν ἀμαυροῖ, φρόνησιν ἐς συμπαθείην ἄγουσα.
And the mind grows when health is present, which those who think good things do well to foresee; but when the bodily state is suffering, the mind does not even bring eagerness for the study of virtue; for disease, when present, terribly darkens the soul, bringing understanding into sympathy.
Φύσιος δὲ ἀνθρωπίνης ὑπογραφὴ θεωρίην ἔχει τοιήνδε·
And the sketch of human nature has the following view.
ὁ μὲν ἐγκέφαλος φρουρέει τὴν ἄκρην τοῦ σώματος, ἀσφάλειαν ἐμπεπιστευμένος, ὑμέσι νευρώδεσι συνεισκατοικέων, ὑπὲρ ὧν ὀστέων διπλῶν φύσιες ἀναγκαίῃ ἀρηρυῖαι δεσπότην φύλακα διανοίης καλύπτουσιν ἐγκέφαλον.
The brain guards the summit of the body, having been entrusted with its safety, dwelling together with fibrous membranes, above which the formations of double bones, fitted together by necessity, cover the brain, the master guardian of thought.
Τριχῶν εὐκοσμία χρῶτα κοσμεῦσα· τὸ δὲ τῶν ὀμμάτων ὁρητικὸν ἐν πολυχίτωνι φωλεῦον ὑγροῦ εὐσταθείᾳ, ὑπὸ μέτωπον κολασίῃ συνίδρυται, θεωρίης δὲ αἴτιον· ἀκριβὴς δὲ κόρη φύλακα ταρσὸν εὐκαιρίης ὑπομένει.
The good order of the hair adorns the skin; and the seeing part of the eyes, nesting in many tunics with the stability of moisture, is established under the protection of the forehead, being the cause of observation; and the precise pupil awaits the eyelash as its seasonable guardian beneath it.
Διπλοῖ δὲ ῥώθωνες, ὀσφρήσιος ἐπιγνώμονες, διορίζουσιν ὀφθαλμῶν γειτνίην.
Double nostrils, judges of smell, separate the neighborhood of the eyes.
Μαλακὴ δὲ χειλέων ἁφὴ στόματι περιπτυσσομένη, ῥημάτων αἴσθησιν ἀκριβῆ τε διάρθρωσιν παρέσχηκε κυβερνωμένη.
The soft touch of the lips, folding around the mouth, provides the clear perception and precise articulation of words, being guided.
Γένειον δὲ ἀκροτελὲς καὶ χελύνειον γόμφοις συνηρμοσμένον.
The chin is at the extremity, and the jaw is fitted together with joints.
Ἐνδοχεῖα δὲ μύθων ὦτα δημιουργὸς ἀνέῳγεν, οἷς ἐπεὼν ὁ μῦθος οὐκ ἀσφαλὴς διήκονος ἀλογιστίης γίνεται.
The Creator opened the ears as receptacles of speech, for which speech, when present, becomes an unsafe servant of thoughtlessness.
Λαλιῆς μήτηρ γλῶσσα, ψυχῆς ἄγγελος, πυλωρεῦσα τὴν γεῦσιν, ὀχυροῖς ὀδόντων θριγκοῖσι πεφρούρηται.
The tongue, the mother of speech, messenger of the soul, guarding the taste, is protected by the strong barriers of the teeth.
Βρόγχος δὲ καὶ φάρυγξ ἡρμοσμένοι ἀλλήλοις γειτνιῶσιν· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐς κέλευθον πνεύματος, ὁ δὲ ἐς βυθὸν κοιλίης τροφὴν προπέμπει λάβρον ὠθεύμενος.
The windpipe and pharynx, fitted to each other, are neighbors; for the one sends forward to the path of breath, and the other to the depth of the belly, food being vehemently impelled.
Κω νοειδὴς δὲ καρδίη βασιλὶς, ὀργῆς τιθηνὸς, πρὸς πᾶσαν ἐπιβουλὴν ἐνδέδυκε θώρακα.
And the cone-shaped heart, the queen, nurse of anger, has put on a breastplate against every plot.
Θαμιναὶ δὲ πνευμόνων σήραγγες ἠέρι διαδύμεναι, φωνῆς αἴτιον πνεῦμα τίκτουσιν.
And the frequent passages of the lungs, permeated by air, generate breath, the cause of voice.
Τὸ δὲ χορηγὸν αἵματος καὶ μεταβάλλον εἰς τροφὴν, σὺν λοβοῖς πολλάκις κοίλῃ περίπλοοις, ἔσται ἧπαρ ἐπιθυμίης αἴτιον· χλωρὴ δὲ χολὴ, πρὸς ἥπατι μένουσα, καὶ διαφθορὴ σώματος ἀνθρωπηΐου ὑπερβλύσασα γίνεται.
And that which supplies blood and changes it into nourishment, together with its lobes often wrapped in a hollow envelope, is the liver, the cause of desire; and yellow bile, remaining near the liver, also becomes the destruction of the human body if it overflows.
Βλαβερὸς δὲ σώματος ἀνθρωπίνου καὶ ἀνωφελὴς ἔνοικος, σπλὴν ἀπέναντι εὕδει πρᾶγμα μηδὲν αἰτούμενος.
And a harmful and useless inhabitant of the human body, the spleen, sleeps opposite, asking for nothing.
Μέση δὲ τουτέων χορηγεῖ πανδέκτειρα κοιλίη, καὶ εὐνάζεται διοικέουσα τὴν πέψιν.
And in the midst of these, the all-receiving belly provides, and rests while administering digestion.
Ἔνοχα δὲ κοιλίης, συνθέσιος δημιουργίῃ συνδονεύμενα, εἱλεῖται περὶ κοιλίην ἔντερα, λήψιος καὶ ἀποκρίσεως αἴτια.
And the things contained in the belly, shaken together by the craftsmanship of composition, the intestines, wind around the belly, being the cause of reception and excretion.
Δίδυμοι δὲ νεφροὶ ἰσχίοισιν ἐνιδρυσμένοι καὶ ἠμφιεσμένοι δημῷ, οὔρων ἐκκρίσιος οὐκ ἀλλότριοι πεφύκασιν.
And the twin kidneys, seated in the loins and clothed in fat, are by nature not foreign to the excretion of urine.
Κύριος δὲ ἁπάσης κοιλίης ὁ καλούμενος ἐπίπλους γαστέρα πᾶσαν ἐμπεριείληφε, μόνου σπληνὸς ἄτερ.
And the master of the whole belly, the so-called omentum, has enclosed the entire stomach, except only the spleen.
Ἑξῆς νευρώδης κύστις ἰσχίῳ στόμα ἐνιδρυσμένη, συμπεπλεγμένων ἀγγείων, οὔρων ἐκκρίσιος αἰτίη γίνεται.
Next, the membranous bladder, having its mouth seated in the hip, made of interwoven vessels, becomes the cause of the excretion of urine.
Ἡ δὲ γειτνιῶσα ταύτῃ μήτηρ βρεφέων, ἡ δεινὸν ἄλγος, τῶν ἐν γυναικὶ μόχθων μυρίων παραιτίη, μήτρη πεφώλευκεν· ἡ πυλωρὸς μυχοῖς ἰσχίων βράσασα σὰρξ σφίγγεται νεύροισιν, ἐκ δὲ πλήθους ἐκχέουσα γαστρὸς φύσιος, ἐκ τόκου προνοίης.
And neighboring this, the mother of infants, she who is a terrible pain, the accessory cause of a myriad of labors in woman, the womb, lies nested; she, the gatekeeper in the recesses of the loins, flesh having swelled, is tightened by membranes, pouring out from abundance the nature of the belly, by the foresight of childbirth.
Ἐκ δὲ σώματος κρεμαστοὶ ἐκτὸς οἰκίην νέμονται ἔκγονοι κτίσται ὄρχεις, πουλυχίτωνες ἐόντες· εὔνοον ἥβῃ, ἀπὸ φλεβέων τε καὶ νεύρων πλέγμα, οὔρων ἔκχυσιν ποιεύμενον, συνουσίης ὑπουργὸν, φύσιος ὕπο δεδημιούργηται, ὄρεξιν ἥβης πυκαζομένης.
And hanging outside from the body, the testicles, the creators of offspring, dwell, being wrapped in many tunics; and a well-disposed plexus to puberty, made of veins and nerves, which causes the discharge of urine and serves intercourse, has been fashioned by nature, as the desire of puberty becomes dense.
Σκέλη δὲ καὶ βραχίονες καὶ τὰ προσηρτημένα τουτέοισιν ἄκρα, διηκονίης πᾶσαν ἀρχὴν συνηθροισμένα ἔχοντα, νεύρων ἀσφαλῆ λειτουργίην τελέουσιν.
And the legs and arms and the extremities attached to these, having gathered every principle of service, perform the safe function of muscles.
Ἡ δὲ ἀσώματος ἐν μυχοῖς φύσις ἐξέτευξε παντάμορφα σπλάγχνων γένη, ἃ δὴ θάνατος ἐπισταθεὶς ὠκέως ἔπαυσε λειτουργίης.
And the incorporeal nature in the recesses fashioned all-formed kinds of viscera, which indeed death, having stood over them, quickly ceases from their function.