§1## ΠΕΡΙ ΟΣΤΕΩΝ ΦΥΣΙΟΣ.
1.
## On the Nature of Bones. 1.
Ὀστέα χειρὸς εἰκοσιεπτά· ποδὸς εἰκοσιτέσσαρα· τραχήλου ἐς τὸν μέγαν ἑπτά· ὀσφύος πέντε· ῥάχιος εἴκοσι· κεφαλῆς ξὺν ὀπωπίοις ὀκτώ·
The bones of the hand are twenty-seven; of the foot, twenty-four; of the neck, as far as the great vertebra, seven; of the loins, five; of the spine, twenty; of the head, including the eyes, eight.
ξύμπαντα ἐννενήκοντα ἓν, ξὺν ὄνυξιν ἑκατὸν ἕνδεκα.
In total, ninety-one; including the nails, one hundred and eleven.
Ἃ δ’ ἡμεῖς αὐτοὶ ἐξ ἀνθρώπου ὀστέων κατεμάθομεν, σπόνδυλοι οἱ ἄνω τῆς κληβδος σὺν τῷ μεγάλῳ ἑπτά· οἱ δὲ κατὰ τὰς πλευρὰς ὅσαι περ αἱ πλευραὶ δώδεκα· οἱ δὲ κατὰ κενεῶνας ἐκτὸς, ἐν ᾧ τὰ ἰσχία, ἐν τῇ ὀσφύϊ πέντε.
What we ourselves have learned from human bones: the vertebrae above the clavicle, including the great one, are seven; those along the ribs, as many as the ribs themselves, are twelve; those outside the flanks, where the hip-bones are, in the loins, are five.
Τὸ δὲ σπέρμα οἷον κηρίον ἑκατέρωθεν τῆς κύστιος· ἐκ δ’ αὐτῶν φλέβες ἑκατέρωθεν τοῦ οὐρητῆρος ἐς τὸ αἰδοῖον τείνουσι.
The semen is like a honeycomb on either side of the bladder; and from them vessels stretch on either side of the ureter into the privy parts.
Ποτὸν διὰ φάρυγγος καὶ στομάχου· λάρυγξ ἐς πλεύμονα καὶ ἀρτηρίην· ἀπὸ δὲ τούτων ἐς ἄκρην κύστιν.
Drink passes through the pharynx and esophagus; the larynx leads to the lungs and the trachea; and from these to the top of the bladder.
Ἥπατος πέντε λοβοί· ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ τετάρτου λοβοῦ ἐπίκειται ἡ χολὴ, ἣ τὸ στόμα ἐπὶ φρένας καὶ καρδίην καὶ πλεύμονα φέρει· καρδίην ὑμὴν περίεστι.
The liver has five lobes; upon the fourth lobe lies the gall-bladder, which directs its opening toward the diaphragm, the heart, and the lungs; a membrane surrounds the heart.
Τὰ κῶλα ἔχει κυνὸς μείζω· ἤρτηται δὲ ἐκ τῶν μεσοκώλων· ταῦτα δὲ ἐκ νεύρων ἀπὸ τῆς ῥάχιος ὑπὸ τὴν γαστέρα.
The colon is larger than a dog's, and is suspended from the mesocolon; these are made of sinews from the spine under the belly.
Νεφροὶ, ἐκ νεύρων ἀπὸ ῥάχιος καὶ ἀρτηρίης.
The kidneys are made of sinews from the spine and the aorta.
§22.
2.
Καρδίης πηγή·
The heart is the source.
ξυγγενὴς φλὲψ τείνει διὰ φρενῶν, ἥπατος, σπληνὸς, νεφρῶν ἐς ἰσχίον· περὶ γαστροκνημίην ἐπὶ τὸν ταρσόν·
A cognate vessel stretches through the diaphragm, liver, spleen, and kidneys to the hip; around the calf to the flat of the foot.
ἑτέρη δὲ ἐκ καρδίης ὑπὸ μασχάλας, κληβδας, σφαγὰς, κεφαλὴν, ῥῖνα, μέτωπον, παρὰ τὰ ὦτα, ὤμους, μετάφρενον, στήθεα, γαστέρα, διὰ πήχεος· ἡ δὲ διὰ μασχαλέων ἐπὶ πῆχυν, ἐπὶ ταρσόν.
Another vessel from the heart goes under the armpits, clavicles, throat, head, nose, forehead, past the ears, shoulders, upper back, chest, and belly, through the forearm; and the one through the armpits goes to the forearm, and to the flat of the foot.
§33.
3.
Νεύρων ἔκφυσις ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰνίου ἄχρι παρὰ ῥάχιν, παρὰ ἰσχίον, ἐς αἰδοῖα, ἐς μηροὺς, πόδας, κνήμας, ἐς χεῖρας· ἄλλ’ ἐς βραχίονας, τὰ μὲν ἐς σάρκας, τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν περόνην ἐς τὸν μέγαν δάκτυλον· τὰ δ’ ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄλλους δακτύλους· ἄλλ’ ἐς ὠμοπλάτην, στῆθος, γαστέρα, ὀστέοισι, συνδέσμοισιν· ἀπὸ δὲ αἰδοίου παρ’ ἀρχὸν, κοτυληδόνα· τὸ μὲν ἄνωθεν μηροῦ, τὸ δὲ κάτωθεν ἐπὶ τὰ γούνατα, ἐντεῦθεν γούνατι ξυνταθὲν, ἐπὶ τένοντα, πτέρναν, πόδας· τὸ δὲ ἐς περόνην· ἄλλα δ’ ἐς τοὺς νεφρούς.
The origin of the sinews is from the occiput, extending along the spine, along the hip, to the privy parts, thighs, feet, shins, and hands; others go to the arms, some into the flesh, others along the fibula to the great toe; and those from the flesh go to the other fingers; others go to the shoulder blade, chest, belly, bones, and ligaments; and from the privy parts, past the anus and the cotyle; one from above the thigh, and the other from below to the knees, thence connected to the knee, extending to the tendon, heel, and feet; and another to the fibula; and others to the kidneys.
§44.
4.
Αὗται δὲ αἱ φλέβες ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα διχῇ τὰ μέγιστα σχίζονται, τὰ μὲν ἔνθεν τοῦ νεφροῦ ἑκατέρου, τὰ δὲ ἔνθεν, καὶ διατέτρηνται ἐς τοὺς νεφρούς.
These vessels split on both sides at their largest parts into two, some on this side of each kidney and some on that side, and they penetrate into the kidneys.
Καὶ εἶδος καρδίης οἱ νεφροὶ ἔχουσι· καὶ οὗτοι κοιλιώδεες·
The kidneys also have the shape of the heart, and these too are hollow.
ὁ δὲ νεφρὸς τὰ κοῖλα ἑωυτοῦ πρὸς τὰς φλέβας ἔχων κεῖται τὰς μεγάλας· ὅθεν ἐκπεφύκασιν ἐξ αὐτέου αἱ φλέβες αἱ ἐς κύστιν, ᾗ εἵλκετο τὸ ποτὸν διὰ τῶν φλεβῶν ἐς τοὺς νεφρούς·
The kidney lies with its cavity facing the great vessels; whence from the kidney itself arise the vessels leading to the bladder, by which drink was drawn through the vessels into the kidneys.
ἔπειθ’ ὥσπερ καὶ διὰ τῶν νεφρῶν διηθεῖται τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ δι’ αὐτέων τουτέων τῶν ἐντέρων, ὧν ξυνεπακολουθεῖ, Σπογγοειδὲς γάρ ἐστι τὸ ἀπ’ αὐτέων ἐς τὴν κύστιν, καὶ ἐνταῦθα διηθούμενον καὶ ἀποκρινόμενον ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τὸ οὖρον, διὸ δὴ ἐρυθρόν ἐστιν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐς τοὺς νεφροὺς ἦσαν ἄλλαι φλέβες ἢ αἳ εἴρηνται, οὐδ’ ὅποι ἂν τὸ ποτὸν ξυντήκοιτο, ὅσον ἐγὼ οἶδα.
Then, as if through the kidneys, the water is filtered and passes through these very tubes, which it follows. For the part from them to the bladder is sponge-like, and there the urine, being filtered and separated from the blood, is formed, which is why indeed it is red; for there were no other vessels to the kidneys than those which have been mentioned, nor any other place where the drink could drain, as far as I know.