§1#1## ΠΕΡΙ ΙΕΡΗΣ ΝΟΥΣΟΥ.
1.
## ON THE SACRED DISEASE 1.
Περὶ μὲν τῆς ἱερῆς νούσου καλεομένης ὧδ’ ἔχει·
Regarding the disease called sacred, the matter stands thus.
οὐδέν τί μοι δοκέει τῶν ἄλλων θειοτέρη εἶναι νούσων οὐδὲ ἱερωτέρη, ἀλλὰ φύσιν μὲν ἔχει ἣν καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ νουσήματα, ὅθεν γίνεται.
It seems to me to be no more divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but it has a nature, just as other diseases have, from which it arises.
Φύσιν δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ πρόφασιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐνόμισαν θεῖόν τι πρῆγμα εἶναι ὑπὸ ἀπειρίης καὶ θαυμασιότητος, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἔοικεν ἑτέρῃσι νούσοισιν·
Men, however, have believed its nature and cause to be something divine out of inexperience and wonder, because it is not like other diseases.
καὶ κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἀπορίην αὐτοῖσι τοῦ μὴ γινώσκειν τὸ θεῖον αὐτῇ διασώζεται, κατὰ δὲ τὴν εὐπορίην τοῦ τρόπου τῆς ἰήσιος ᾧ ἰῶνται, ἀπόλλυται, ὅτι καθαρμοῖσί τε ἰῶνται καὶ ἐπαοιδῇσιν.
And while its divinity is preserved through their helplessness in not knowing it, it is destroyed through the ease of the method of treatment by which they cure it, since they cure it with purifications and incantations.
Εἰ δὲ διὰ τὸ θαυμάσιον θεῖον νομιεῖται, πολλὰ τὰ ἱερὰ νουσήματα ἔστα καὶ οὐχὶ ἓν, ὡς ἐγὼ ἀποδείξω ἕτερα οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἐόντα θαυμάσια οὐδὲ τερατώδεα, ἃ οὐδεὶς νομίζει ἱερὰ εἶναι.
But if it is to be considered divine because of its wonderful character, there will be many sacred diseases and not only one, as I shall show that there are others no less wonderful and monstrous, which no one considers to be sacred.
Τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ οἱ πυρετοὶ οἷ ἀμφημερινοὶ καὶ οἱ τριταῖοι καὶ οἱ τεταρταῖοι οὐδὲν ἧσσόν μοι δοκέουσιν ἱεροὶ εἶναι καὶ ὑπὸ θεοῦ γίνεσθαι ταύτης τῆς νούσου, ὧν οὐ θαυμασίως γ’ ἔχουσιν·
For instance, first, the daily, tertian, and quartan fevers seem to me no less sacred and to be produced by a god than this disease, though people do not wonder at them.
τοῦτο δὲ ὁρέω μαινομένους ἀνθρώπους καὶ παραφρονέοντας ἀπὸ μηδεμιῆς προφάσιος ἐμφανέος, καὶ πολλά τε καὶ ἄκαιρα ποιέοντας, ἔν τε τῷ ὕπνῳ οἶδα πολλοὺς οἰμώζοντας καὶ βοῶντας, τοὺς δὲ πνιγομένους, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀναΐσσοντάς τε καὶ φεύγοντας ἔξω καὶ παραφρονέοντας μέχρις ἂν ἐπέγρωνται, ἔπειτα δὲ ὑγιέας ἐόντας καὶ φρονέοντας ὥσπερ καὶ πρότερον, ἐόντας τ’ αὐτέους ὠχρούς τε καὶ ἀσθενέας, καὶ ταῦτα οὐχ ἅπαξ, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις, ἄλλα τε πολλά ἐστι καὶ παντοδαπὰ ὧν περὶ ἑκάστου λέγειν πουλὺς ἂν εἴη λόγος.
And secondly, I see men becoming mad and delirious from no obvious cause, and doing many inappropriate things. And I know many who in their sleep groan and shout, some who are choked, and others who start up, flee outside, and are delirious until they wake up, but then are healthy and rational just as before, although they are pale and weak, and this not once but many times. And there are many other various things, to speak of each of which would make a long story.
Ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκέουσιν οἱ πρῶτοι τοῦτο τὸ νόσημα ἀφιερώσαντες τοιοῦτοι εἶναι ἄνθρωποι οἷοι καὶ νῦν εἰσι μάγοι τε καὶ καθάρται καὶ ἀγύρται καὶ ἀλαζόνες, ὁκόσοι δὴ προσποιέονται σφόδρα θεοσεβέες εἶναι καὶ πλέον τι εἰδέναι.
But to me, those who first consecrated this disease seem to have been men of the same kind as those who are now magicians, purifiers, charlatans, and quacks, who pretend to be extremely pious and to know something more.
Οὗτοι τοίνυν παραμπεχόμενοι καὶ προβαλλόμενοι τὸ θεῖον τῆς ἀμηχανίης τοῦ μὴ ἴσχειν ὅ τι προσενέγκαντες ὠφελήσουσιν, ὡς μὴ κατάδηλοι ἔωσιν οὐδὲν ἐπιστάμενοι, ἱερὸν ἐνόμισαν τοῦτο τὸ πάθος εἶναι, καὶ λόγους ἐπιλέξαντες ἐπιτηδείους τὴν ἴησιν κατεστήσαντο ἐς τὸ ἀσφαλὲς σφίσιν αὐτοῖσι, καθαρμοὺς προσφέροντες καὶ ἐπαοιδὰς, λουτρῶν τε ἀπέχεσθαι κελεύοντες καὶ ἐδεσμάτων πολλῶν καὶ ἀνεπιτηδείων ἀνθρώποισι νοσέουσιν ἐσθίειν, θαλασσίων μὲν τρίγλης, μελανούρου, κεστρέος, ἐγχέλυος (οὗτοι γὰρ οἱ ἰχθύες εἰσὶν ἐπικαιρότατοι), κρεῶν δὲ αἰγείου καὶ ἐλάφων καὶ χοιρίων καὶ κυνὸς (ταῦτα γὰρ κρεῶν ταρακτικώτατά ἐστι τῆς κοιλίης), ὀρνίθων δὲ ἀλεκτρυόνος καὶ τρυγόνος καὶ ὠτίδος, ἔτι δὲ ὅσα νομίζεται ἰσχυρότατα εἶναι, λαχάνων δὲ μίνθης, σκορόδου καὶ κρομύου (δριμὺ γὰρ ἀσθενέοντι οὐδὲν ξυμφέρει), ἱμάτιον δὲ μέλαν μὴ ἔχειν (θανατῶδες γὰρ τὸ μέλαν), μηδὲ ἐν αἰγείῳ κατακέεσθαι δέρματι μηδὲ φορέειν, μηδὲ πόδα ἐπὶ ποδὶ ἔχειν, μηδὲ χεῖρα ἐπὶ χειρὶ (ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα κωλύματα εἶναι).
These men, then, using the divine as a screen and defense for their own helplessness in not having anything to apply that would help, so that they might not be detected as knowing nothing, deemed this affliction to be sacred. And by choosing suitable words they established the treatment on a safe footing for themselves, offering purifications and incantations, commanding abstinence from baths and from many foods unsuitable for sick people to eat, namely, of sea-food, red mullet, black-tail, mullet, and eel (for these fish are most troublesome); of meat, goat, venison, pork, and dog (for these of all meats are most disturbing to the bowels); of birds, the domestic cock, turtle-dove, and bustard, and also whatever are considered most powerful; of vegetables, mint, garlic, and onion (for nothing acrid is good for a sick person); and not to wear a black cloak (for black is deadly), nor to lie upon or wear a goat-skin, nor to cross feet, nor to cross hands (for all these are hindrances).
Ταῦτα δὲ πάντα τοῦ θείου εἵνεκεν προστιθέασιν, ὡς πλέον τι εἰδότες καὶ ἄλλας προφάσιας λέγοντες, ὅκως, εἰ μὲν ὑγιὴς γένοιτο, αὐτῶν ἡ δόξα εἴη καὶ ἡ δεξιότης, εἰ δὲ ἀποθάνοι, ἐν ἀσφαλεῖ καθισταῖντο αὐτῶν αἱ ἀπολογίαι καὶ ἔχοιεν πρόφασιν ὡς οὐκ αἴτιοί εἰσιν αὐτοὶ, ἀλλ’ οἱ θεοί· οὔτε γὰρ φαγέειν οὔτε πιέειν ἔδοσαν φάρμακον οὐδὲν, οὔτε λουτροῖσι καθήψησαν, ὥστε δοκέειν αἴτιον εἶναι.
All these restrictions they impose on account of the divine, as if they had superior knowledge, and they offer other pretexts, so that if the patient recovers, the credit and cleverness may be theirs, but if he dies, their defenses may be securely established, and they may have a pretext that they themselves are not to blame, but the gods; for they gave him no drug to eat or drink, nor did they bathe him in warm water, so as to appear to be the cause.
Ἐγὼ δὲ δοκέω Λιβύων τῶν τὴν μεσόγειον οἰκεόντων οὐδένα ὑγιαίνειν, ὅτι ἐν αἰγείοισι δέρμασι κατακέονται καὶ κρέασιν αἰγείοισι χρῶνται, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἔχουσιν οὔτε στρῶμα οὔτε ἱμάτιον οὔτε ὑπόδημα ὅ τι μὴ αἴγειόν ἐστιν· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἄλλο προβάτιον οὐδὲν ἢ αἶγες καὶ βόες.
But in my opinion, none of the Libyans who inhabit the interior can be healthy, since they lie on goat-skins and eat goat's meat, as they possess neither bedding, nor cloak, nor shoe which is not made of goat; for they have no other livestock than goats and cattle.
Εἰ δὲ ταῦτα προσφερόμενα καὶ ἐσθιόμενα τὴν νοῦσον τίκτει τε καὶ αὔξει καὶ μὴ ἐσθιόμενα ἰῆται, οὐκ ἐστὶνιἄρα ὁ θεὸς αἴτιος οὐδενὸς, οὐδὲ οἱ καθαρμοὶ ὠφελέουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐδέσματα τὰ ἰώμενά ἐστι καὶ τὰ βλάπτοντα, τοῦ δὲ θείου ἀφανίζεται ἡ δύναμις. Οὕτως οὖν ἔμοιγε δοκέουσιν.
If, however, taking and eating these things produces and increases the disease, while not eating cures it, then God is not to blame at all, nor do purifications help, but it is the food that cures and harms, and the power of the divine vanishes.
οἵτινες τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ ἐγχειρέουσιν ἰῆσθαι ταῦτα τὰ νοσήματα, οὔτε ἱερὰ νομίζειν εἶναι οὔτε θεῖα· ὅκου γὰρ ὑπὸ καθαρμῶν τοιούτων μετά στατα γίνεται καὶ ὑπὸ θεραπείης τοιῆσδε, τί κωλύει καὶ ὑφ’ ὑφ’ ἑτέρων τεχνημάτων ὁμοίων τούτοισιν ἐπιγίνεσθαι τοῖσιν, ἀνθρώτοισι, καὶ προσπίπτειν;
In this way, then, it seems to me that those who attempt to cure these diseases in this manner do not believe them to be sacred or divine; for if they are cured and altered by such purifications and treatment, what is to prevent them from being brought upon men and attacking them by other similar devices?