§44.
4.
Διότι μὲν οὖν ἐν τοῖσιν ἄλλοισιν ὁ ἀὴρ ἔῤῥωται, εἴρηται· τοῖσι δ’ αὖ θνητοῖσιν οὗτος αἴτιος τοῦ τε βίου, καὶ τῶν νούσων τοῖσι νοσέουσι·
Now, the reason why the air is powerful in other things has been said; but for mortals, on the other hand, this is the cause both of life and of diseases for those who are sick.
τοσαύτη δὲ τυγχάνει πᾶσιν ἡ χρείη τοῖσι σώμασι τοῦ πνεύματος ἐοῦσα, ὥστε τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἀποσχόμενος ὥνθρωπος καὶ σιτίων καὶ ποτῶν δύναιτ’ ἂν ἡμέρας δύο καὶ τρεῖς καὶ πλέονας διάγειν· εἰ δέ τις ἀπολάβοι τὰς τοῦ πνεύματος ἐς τὸ σῶμα διεξόδους, ἐν βραχεῖ μέρει ἡμέρης ἀπόλοιτο ἂν, ὡς μεγίστης τῆς χρείης ἐούσης τῷ σώματι τοῦ πνεύματος.
And indeed, so great is the need of the body for breath for all, that while a person abstaining from all other things, both food and drink, could survive for two or three days or more, yet if one should cut off the passages of breath into the body, one would perish in a brief part of a day, showing that the need of the body for breath is greatest.
Ἔτι τοίνυν τὰ μὲν ἄλλα πάντα διαλείπουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι πρήσσοντες, ὁ γὰρ βίος μεταβολέων πλέως ἐστί· τοῦτο δὲ μοῦνον ἀεὶ διατελέουσιν ἅπαντα τὰ θνητὰ ζῶα πρήσσοντα, τοτὲ μὲν ἐμπνέοντα, τοτὲ δὲ ἐκπνέοντα.
Furthermore, whereas humans pause in doing all other things, for life is full of changes, yet all mortal animals continue doing this one thing alone always, at one time breathing in, and at another breathing out.
§55.
5.
Ὅτι μὲν οὖν μεγάλη κοινωνίη ἅπασι τοῖσι ζώοισι τοῦ ἠέρος ἐστὶν, εἴρηται· μετὰ τοῦτο τοίνυν εὐθέως ῥητέον, ὅτι οὐκ ἄλλοθέν ποθεν εἰκός ἐστι γίνεσθαι τὰς ἀῤῥωστίας μάλιστα, ἢ ἐντεῦθεν, ὅταν τοῦτο ἢ πλέον, ἢ ἔλασσον, ἢ καὶ ἀθροώτερον, ἢ μεμιασμένον νοσεροῖσι μιάσμασιν, ἐς τὸ σῶμα ἐσέλθῃ.
That there is, therefore, a great participation of all animals in the air has been said; immediately after this, then, it must be said that it is reasonable that illnesses arise from no other source than this, when this enters the body either in greater or lesser quantity, or too suddenly, or polluted with morbid miasmas.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν ὅλου τοῦ πρήγματος ἀρκέει μοι ταῦτα· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα πρὸς αὐτὰ τὰ ἔργα τῷ λόγῳ πορευθεὶς, ἐπιδείξω τὰ νοσήματα τούτου ἀπόγονά τε καὶ ἔκγονα πάντα ἐόντα.
Concerning the whole matter, then, these things are sufficient for me; but after this, proceeding in my discourse to the actual facts, I will demonstrate that all diseases are both the descendants and offspring of this.
§66.
6.
Πρῶτον δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοτάτου νοσήματος ἄρξομαι, πυρετοῦ· τοῦτο γὰρ τὸ νόσημα πᾶσιν ἐφεδρεύει τοῖσιν ἄλλοισιν νουσήμασι, μάλιστα δὲ φλεγμονῇ· δηλοῖ δὲ τὰ γινόμενα προσκόμματα· ἅμα γὰρ τῇ φλεγμονῇ εὐθὺς βουβὼν καὶ πυρετὸς ἕπεται.
First, then, I will begin with the most common disease, fever; for this disease attends all other diseases, and especially inflammation; and the occurrences that hinder us show this, for along with inflammation, bubo and fever immediately follow.
Ἔστι δὲ δισσὰ εἴδεα πυρετῶν, ὡς ταύτῃ διελθεῖν· ὁ μὲν κοινὸς ἅπασι καλεόμενος λοιμός· ὁ δὲ διὰ πονηρὴν δίαιταν ἰδίῃ τοῖσι πονηρῶς διαιτεομένοισι γινόμενος·
And there are two kinds of fevers, to divide them in this way: one is common to all, called the plague, and the other occurs individually to those who live poorly because of a poor regimen.
ἀμφοτέρων δὲ τουτέων αἴτιος ὁ ἀήρ.
And the cause of both of these is the air.
Ὁ μὲν οὖν κοινὸς πυρετὸς διὰ τοῦτο τοιοῦτός ἐστιν, ὅτι πνεῦμα τωὐτὸ πάντες ἕλκουσιν· ὁμοίου δὲ ὁμοίως τοῦ πνεύματος τῷ σώματι μιχθέντος, ὅμοιοι καὶ οἱ πυρετοὶ γίνονται.
The common fever, indeed, is of such a kind because all draw in the same breath; and when the same breath is mixed with the body in the same way, the fevers also become similar.
Ἀλλ’ ἴσως φήσει τις· διὰ τί οὖν οὐχ ἅπασι τοῖσι ζώοισι, ἀλλ’ ἔθνει τινὶ αὐτέων ἐπιπίπτουσιν αἱ τοιαῦται νοῦσοι;
But perhaps someone will say: why then do such diseases not fall upon all animals, but upon some particular species of them?
Διότι, φαίην ἂν, διαφέρει σῶμα σώματος, καὶ φύσις φύσιος, καὶ τροφὴ τροφῆς· οὐ γὰρ πᾶσι τοῖσιν ἔθνεσι τῶν ζώων ταὐτὰ οὔτ’ ἀνάρμοστα οὔτ’ εὐάρμοστά ἐστιν, ἀλλ’ ἕτερα ἑτέροισι ξύμφορα, καὶ ἕτερα ἑτέροισιν ἀξύμφορα.
Because, I would say, body differs from body, nature from nature, and nourishment from nourishment; for the same things are neither unsuited nor well-suited to all species of animals, but some are beneficial to some, and others are unbeneficial to others.
Ὁκόταν μὲν οὖν ὁ ἀὴρ τοιουτέοισι χρωσθῇ μιάσμασιν, ἃ τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει πολέμιά ἐστιν, ἄνθρωποι τότε νοσέουσιν· ὅταν δὲ ἑτέρῳ τινὶ ἔθνει ζώων ἀνάρμοστος ὁ ἠὴρ γένηται, κεῖνα τότε νοσέουσιν.
Whenever, therefore, the air is colored with such miasmas as are hostile to human nature, humans then become sick; but when the air becomes unsuited to some other species of animals, those then become sick.
§77.
7.
Αἳ μὲν οὖν δημόσιαί εἰσι τῶν νούσων, εἴρηται, καὶ ὅτε καὶ ὅκως, καὶ οἷσι, καὶ ἀπὸ τεῦ γίνονται· τὸν δὲ διὰ πονηρὴν δίαιταν γινόμενον πυρετὸν διέξειμί σοι.
Those of the diseases, then, that are public, have been said, and when and how, and to whom, and from what they arise; but the fever that arises because of a poor regimen I will describe to you.
Πονηρὴ δέ ἐστιν ἡ τοιήδε δίαιτα, τοῦτο μὲν ὅταν τις πλέονας τροφὰς ἢ ὑγρὰς ἢ ξηρὰς διδῷ τῷ σώματι ἢ τὸ σῶμα δύναται φέρειν, καὶ πόνον μηδένα τῷ πλήθει τῶν τροφῶν ἀντιτιθῇ, τοῦτο δὲ ὅταν ποικίλας καὶ ἀνομοίους ἀλλήλῃσιν ἐσπέμπῃ τροφάς· τὰ γὰρ ἀνόμοια στασιάζει, καὶ τὰ μὲν θᾶσσον, τὰ δὲ σχολαίτερον πέσσεται.
A poor regimen is of this kind: on the one hand, when someone gives more nourishment, either wet or dry, to the body than the body is able to bear, and opposes no labor to the quantity of nourishment; and on the other hand, when one introduces nourishments that are varied and unlike one another; for things that are unlike rebel, and some are digested more quickly, others more slowly.
Μετὰ δὲ πολλῶν σιτίων ἀνάγκη καὶ πολλὸν πνεῦμα ἐσιέναι· μετὰ πάντων γὰρ τῶν ἐσθιομένων καὶ πινομένων ἀπέρχεται πνεῦμα ἐς τὸ σῶμα, ἢ πλέον, ἢ ἔλασσον.
And with much food, it is necessary that much breath also enters; for with all things eaten and drunk, breath, either more or less, goes into the body.
Φανερὸν δὲ τοῦτο τῷδέ ἐστιν· ἐρυγαὶ γὰρ γίνονται μετὰ τὰ σιτία καὶ τὰ ποτὰ τοῖσι πλείστοισιν· ἀνατρέχει γὰρ ὁ κατακλεισθεὶς ἀὴρ, ὁκόταν ἀναῤῥήξῃ τὰς πομφόλυγας, ἐν ᾗσι κρύπτεται.
And this is manifest from this: for eructations occur after food and drink to most people; for the enclosed air runs back when it bursts the bubbles in which it is hidden.
Ὅταν οὖν τὸ σῶμα σιτίων πλησθῇ, καὶ πνεύματος πλησμονὴ ἐπὶ πλέον γίνεται, τῶν σιτίων χρονιζομένων· χρονίζεται δὲ τὰ σιτία, διὰ τὸ πλῆθος οὐ δυνάμενα διελθεῖν· ἐμφραχθείσης δὲ τῆς κάτω κοιλίης, ἐς ὅλον τὸ σῶμα διέδραμον αἱ φῦσαι· προσπεσοῦσαι δὲ πρὸς τὰ ἐναιμότατα τοῦ σώματος ἔψυξαν· τουτέων δὲ τῶν τόπων ψυχθέντων, ὅκου αἱ πηγαὶ καὶ αἱ ῥίζαι τοῦ αἵματός εἰσι, διὰ παντὸς τοῦ σώματος ἡ φρίκη διῆλθεν· ἅπαντος δὲ τοῦ αἵματος ψυχθέντος, ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα φρίσσει.
When, therefore, the body is filled with food, a satiety of breath also occurs to a greater degree, as the food delays; and the food delays because, due to its quantity, it is unable to pass through; and when the lower cavity is blocked, the winds run through the whole body; and falling upon the most blood-rich parts of the body, they cool them; and when these locations are cooled, where the sources and roots of the blood are, a chill goes through the entire body; and when all the blood is cooled, the whole body shivers.