§7Εἰ δὲ βίᾳ ἡρπάσθη καὶ ἀνόμως ἐβιάσθη καὶ ἀδίκως ὑβρίσθη, δῆλον ὅτι ὁ μὲν ἁρπάσας ὡς ὑβρίσας ἠδίκησεν, ἡ δὲ ἁρπασθεῖσα ὡς ὑβρισθεῖσα ἐδυστύχησεν.
If she was ravished by force, unlawfully coerced, and unjustly abused, it is clear that the ravisher, as the abuser, did wrong, while she who was ravished, as the abused, suffered misfortune.
ἄξιος οὖν ὁ μὲν ἐπιχειρήσας βάρβαρος βάρβαρον ἐπιχείρημα καὶ λόγῳ καὶ νόμῳ καὶ ἔργῳ λόγῳ μὲν αἰτίας, νόμῳ δ᾿ ἀτιμίας, ἔργῳ δὲ ζημίας τυχεῖν·
Therefore, the barbarian who undertook a barbarian undertaking deserves to meet with blame in speech, disenfranchisement by law, and punishment in deed.
ἡ δὲ βιασθεῖσα καὶ τῆς πατρίδος στερηθεῖσα καὶ τῶν φίλων ὀρφανισθεῖσα πῶς οὐκ ἂν εἰκότως ἐλεηθείη μᾶλλον ἢ κακολογηθείη;
But she who was coerced, deprived of her homeland, and orphaned of her friends, how could she not reasonably be pitied rather than slandered?
ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἔδρασε δεινά, ἡ δὲ ἔπαθεν· δίκαιον οὖν τὴν μὲν οἰκτῖραι, τὸν δὲ μισῆσαι.
For the one did dreadful things, and the other suffered them; it is therefore just to pity the one and hate the other.
§8Εἰ δὲ λόγος ὁ πείσας καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπατήσας, οὐδὲ πρὸς τοῦτο χαλεπὸν ἀπολογήσασθαι καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν ἀπολύσασθαι, ὧδε.
But if it was speech that persuaded her and deceived her soul, it is not difficult to defend against this either and to free her from the blame, as follows.
λόγος δυνάστης μέγας ἐστίν, ὃς σμικροτάτῳ σώματι καὶ ἀφανεστάτῳ θειότατα ἔργα ἀποτελεῖ· δύναται γὰρ καὶ φόβον παῦσαι καὶ λύπην ἀφελεῖν καὶ χαρὰν ἐνεργάσασθαι καὶ ἔλεον ἐπαυξῆσαι.
Speech is a great potentate, which by means of the tiniest and most invisible body accomplishes most divine works; for it is able to stop fear, remove grief, create joy, and increase pity.
ταῦτα δὲ ὡς οὕτως ἔχει δείξω·
That this is so, I will show.
§9δεῖ δὲ καὶ δεῖξαι καὶ δόξαι τοῖς ἀκούουσιν.
It is necessary both to show this and to make it seem so to the hearers.
τὴν ποίησιν ἅπασαν καὶ νομίζω καὶ ὀνομάζω λόγον ἔχοντα μέτρον· ἧς τοὺς ἀκούοντας εἰσῆλθε καὶ φρίκη περίφοβος καὶ ἔλεος πολύδακρυς καὶ πόθος φιλοπενθής, ἐπ᾿ ἀλλοτρίων τε πραγμάτων καὶ σωμάτων εὐπραγίαις καὶ δυσπραγίαις ἴδιόν τι πάθημα διὰ τῶν λόγων ἔπαθεν ἡ ψυχή.
I both consider and name all poetry as speech having meter; into the hearers of which there enters both a terrifying shudder, a tearful pity, and a grief-loving longing, and through the speeches, the soul suffers a passion of its own at the good and bad fortunes of others' affairs and bodies.
φέρε δὴ πρὸς ἄλλον ἀπ᾿ ἄλλου μεταστῶ λόγου λόγον.
Come now, let me change from one speech to another.
§10αἱ γὰρ ἔνθεοι διὰ λόγων ἐπῳδαὶ ἐπαγωγοὶ ἡδονῆς, ἀπαγωγοὶ λύπης γίγνονται· συγγιγνομένη γὰρ τῇ δόξῃ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡ δύναμις τῆς ἐπῳδῆς ἔθελξε καὶ ἔπεισε καὶ μετέστησεν αὐτὴν γοητείᾳ.
For inspired incantations through words become bringers of pleasure and removers of grief; for the power of the incantation, joining with the opinion of the soul, enchants, persuades, and transports it by wizardry.
γοητείας δὲ καὶ μαγείας δισσαὶ τέχναι ηὕρηνται, αἵ εἰσι ψυχῆς ἁμαρτήματα καὶ δόξης ἀπατήματα.
Two arts of wizardry and magic have been found, which are errors of the soul and deceptions of opinion.
§11ὅσοι δὲ ὅσους περὶ ὅσων καὶ ἔπεισαν καὶ πείσουσι δὲ ψευδῆ λόγον πλάσαντες! εἰ μὲν γὰρ πάντες περὶ πάντων εἶχον τῶν τε παροιχομένων μνήμην τῶν τε παρόντων ἔννοιαν τῶν τε μελλόντων πρόνοιαν, οὐκ ἂν ὁμοίως ὅμοιος ὢν ὁ λόγος ἠπάτα·
How many have persuaded, and will yet persuade, how many, about how many things, by shaping a false speech!
νῦν δὲ οὔτε μνησθῆναι τὸ παροιχόμενον οὔτε σκέψασθαι τὸ παρὸν οὔτε μαντεύσασθαι τὸ μέλλον εὐπόρως ἔχει, ὥστε περὶ τῶν πλείστων οἱ πλεῖστοι τὴν δόξαν σύμβουλον τῇ ψυχῇ παρέχονται.
For if everyone had, concerning everything, memory of the past, conception of the present, and foresight of the future, the speech would not deceive in the same way, being similar; but as it is, it is not easy either to remember the past, or to examine the present, or to prophesy the future, so that on most matters most people provide opinion as a counselor to the soul.
ἡ δὲ δόξα σφαλερὰ καὶ ἀβέβαιος οὖσα σφαλεραῖς καὶ ἀβεβαίοις τύχαις περιβάλλει τοὺς αὐτῇ χρωμένους.
But opinion, being slippery and insecure, casts those who use it into slippery and insecure fortunes.
§12τίς οὖν αἰτία κωλύει καὶ τὴν Ἑλένην ὕμνος ἦλθεν ὁμοίως ἂν οὐ νέαν οὖσαν ὥσπερ εἰ βιατήριον βίᾳ ἡρπάσθη.
What cause then prevents that a song of persuasion came to Helen as well, just as if she had been ravished by force of a violent man?
τὸ γὰρ τῆς πειθοῦς ἐξῆν ὁ δὲ νοῦς καίτοι εἰ ἀνάγκη ὁ εἰδὼς ἕξει μὲν οὖν, τὴν δὲ δύναμιν τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχει.
For the force of persuasion has the same power.
λόγος γὰρ ψυχὴν ὁ πείσας, ἣν ἔπεισεν; ἠνάγκασε καὶ πιθέσθαι τοῖς λεγομένοις καὶ συναινέσαι τοῖς ποιουμένοις.
For the speech that persuaded her soul forced the soul it persuaded both to obey what was said and to consent to what was done.
ὁ μὲν οὖν πείσας ὡς ἀναγκάσας ἀδικεῖ, ἡ δὲ πεισθεῖσα ὡς ἀναγκασθεῖσα τῷ λόγῳ μάτην ἀκούει κακῶς.
Therefore, the persuader, as the one who forced her, does wrong, while she who was persuaded, as one forced by speech, is wrongly ill-spoken of.
§13ὅτι δ᾿ ἡ πειθὼ προσοῦσα τῷ λόγῳ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἐτυπώσατο ὅπως ἐβούλετο, χρὴ μαθεῖν πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς τῶν μετεωρολόγων λόγους, οἵτινες δόξαν ἀντὶ δόξης τὴν μὲν ἀφελόμενοι τὴν δ᾿ ἐνεργασάμενοι τὰ ἄπιστα καὶ ἄδηλα φαίνεσθαι τοῖς τῆς δόξης ὄμμασιν ἐποίησαν· δεύτερον δὲ τοὺς ἀναγκαίους διὰ λόγων ἀγῶνας, ἐν οἷς εἷς λόγος πολὺν ὄχλον ἔτερψε καὶ ἔπεισε τέχνῃ γραφείς, οὐκ ἀληθείᾳ λεχθείς· τρίτον φιλοσόφων λόγων ἁμίλλας, ἐν αἷς δείκνυται καὶ γνώμης τάχος καὶ. . . . . ὡς εὐμετάβολον ποιοῦσι τὴν τῆς δόξης πίστιν.
And that persuasion, when present in speech, molds the soul as it wishes, one must learn first from the speeches of the meteorologists, who, removing one opinion and instilling another, make the unbelievable and invisible appear to the eyes of opinion; second, from the necessary contests of speeches, in which a single speech, written with art and not spoken with truth, delights and persuades a great crowd; third, from the rivalries of philosophers' speeches, in which both quickness of thought and... are shown, making the belief of opinion easily changeable.