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Appian · The Hannibalic War §25-27

Hannibal's Invasion of Italy and Battle of Trebia

Passage 2 of 19 · Greek

Summary

Hannibal invades Italy, captures Taurasia, and clashes with the Roman consul Scipio at the Padus. Joined by the other consul Sempronius, the Romans engage in the Battle of Trebia, where Hannibal inflicts a severe defeat on them through his tactical use of elephants and cavalry.

§25καὶ μικρὸν ἀναπαύσας προσέβαλε Ταυρασίᾳ, πόλει Κελτικῇ.
And having rested a little, he attacked Taurasia, a Celtic city.
κατὰ κράτος δὲ αὐτὴν ἐξελών, τοὺς μὲν αἰχμαλώτους ἔσφαξεν ἐς κατάπληξιν τῆς ἄλλης Κελτικῆς, ἐπὶ δὲ ποταμὸν Ἠριδανὸν τὸν νῦν Πάδον λεγόμενον ἐλθών, ἔνθα Ῥωμαῖοι Κελτοῖς τοῖς καλουμένοις Βοιοῖς ἐπολέμουν, ἐστρατοπέδευσεν.
Having taken it by storm, he slaughtered the prisoners in order to strike terror into the rest of Celtica. And coming to the river Eridanus, now called the Padus, where the Romans were warring with the Celts called Boii, he encamped.
ὁ δʼ ὕπατος ὁ Ῥωμαίων Πόπλιος Κορνήλιος Σκιπίων, Καρχηδονίοις ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ πολεμῶν, ἐπεὶ τῆς ἐσβολῆς Ἀννίβου τῆς ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐπύθετο, τὸν ἀδελφὸν καὶ ὅδε Γναῖον Κορνήλιον Σκιπίωνα ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ πράγμασι καταλιπὼν διέπλευσεν ἐς Τυρρηνίαν, ὅθεν ὁδεύων τε καὶ συμμάχους ὅσους δύναιτο ἀγείρων ἔφθασεν ἐπὶ τὸν Πάδον Ἀννίβαν.
The Roman consul Publius Cornelius Scipio, who was warring with the Carthaginians in Iberia, when he heard of Hannibal’s invasion of Italy, left his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio in charge of affairs in Iberia and sailed across to Tyrrhenia, whence marching and gathering as many allies as he could, he anticipated Hannibal at the Padus.
καὶ Μάλλιον μὲν καὶ Ἀτίλιον, οἳ τοῖς Βοιοῖς ἐπολέμουν, ἐς Ῥώμην ἔπεμψεν ὡς οὐ δέον αὐτοὺς ἔτι στρατηγεῖ ὑπάτου παρόντος, αὐτὸς δὲ τὸν στρατὸν παραλαβὼν ἐς μάχην ἐξέτασσε πρὸς Ἀννίβαν.
And he sent Manlius and Atilius, who were warring with the Boii, to Rome, on the ground that it was not proper for them to hold command any longer when a consul was present, while he himself took over the army and drew it up for battle against Hannibal.
καὶ γενομένης ἀκροβολίας τε καὶ ἱππομαχίας, οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι κυκλωθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν Λιβύων ἔφευγον ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον, καὶ νυκτὸς ἐπιγενομένης ἐς Πλακεντίαν ἀνεχώρουν ἀσφαλῶς τετειχισμένην, τὸν Πάδον ἐπὶ γεφυρῶν περάσαντές τε καὶ λύσαντες τὰς γεφύρας.
And when a skirmish and cavalry battle took place, the Romans, having been surrounded by the Libyans, fled to their camp, and when night came on, they retreated to Placentia, which was securely fortified, having crossed the Padus on bridges and then destroyed the bridges.
τὸν μὲν οὖν ποταμὸν καὶ ὁ Ἀννίβας ζεύξας ἐπέρα, τὸ δʼ ἔργον εὐθὺς τόδε, πρῶτον ἢ δεύτερον ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν Ἀλπείων ὀρῶν διαβάσει, παρὰ τοῖς ἐπέκεινα Κελτοῖς ἐξῇρε τὸν Ἀννίβαν ὡς ἄμαχον στρατηγὸν καὶ τύχῃ λαμπρᾷ χρώμενον.
Hannibal, therefore, also bridged the river and crossed it; and this very exploit, being the first or second after the passage of the Alps, immediately raised Hannibal's reputation among the neighboring Celts as an invincible general who enjoyed brilliant fortune.
ὁ δέ, ὡς ἐν βαρβάροις τε καὶ τεθηπόσιν αὐτόν, καὶ διʼ ἄμφω δυναμένοις ἀπατᾶσθαι, τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὴν κόμην ἐνήλασσε συνεχῶς ἐσκευασμέναις ἐπινοίαις·
But he, since he was among barbarians who were in awe of him and for both reasons easy to deceive, constantly changed his clothing and hair with artful devices.
καὶ αὐτὸν οἱ Κελτοὶ περιιόντα τὰ ἔθνη πρεσβύτην ὁρῶντες, εἶτα νέον, εἶτα μεσαιπόλιον, καὶ συνεχῶς ἕτερον ἐξ ἑτέρου, θαυμάζοντες ἐδόκουν θειοτέρας φύσεως λαχεῖν.
And the Celts, seeing him as he went around among the tribes, now as an old man, then as a young man, and then as grey-haired, and constantly changing from one to another, wondered and thought that he possessed a divine nature.
Σεμπρώνιος δʼ ὁ ἕτερος ὕπατος, ἐν Σικελίᾳ τότε ὢν καὶ πυθόμενος, διέπλευσε πρὸς τὸν Σκιπίωνα, καὶ τεσσαράκοντα σταδίους αὐτοῦ διασχὼν ἐστρατοπέδευσεν.
Sempronius, the other consul, who was then in Sicily, on hearing of this, sailed to Scipio, and encamped at a distance of forty stades from him.
καὶ τῆς ἐπιούσης ἔμελλον ἅπαντες ἐς μάχην ἥξειν.
And on the following day, they were all about to come to battle.
ποταμὸς δʼ ἦν ἐν μέσῳ Τρεβίας, ὃν Ῥωμαῖοι πρὸ ἕω, χειμερίου τε τῆς τροπῆς οὔσης καὶ ὑετοῦ καὶ κρύους, ἐπέρων βρεχόμενοι μέχρι τῶν μαστῶν.
There was a river between them, the Trebia, which the Romans crossed before dawn, though it was the winter solstice and there was rain and cold, getting wet up to their breasts.
Ἀννίβας δὲ καὶ ἐς δευτέραν ὥραν ἀνέπαυσε τὴν στρατιάν, καὶ τότε ἐξῆγεν.
Hannibal, however, rested his army until the second hour, and only then led them out.
§27παράταξις δʼ ἦν ἑκατέρων τὰ κέρατα κατεῖχον, ἀμφὶ τὴν φάλαγγα τῶν πεζῶν.
The array of each was such that (the cavalry) occupied the wings on either side of the phalanx of infantry.
Ἀννίβας δὲ τοῖς μὲν ἱππεῦσιν ἀντέταξε τοὺς ἐλέφαντας, τῇ δὲ φάλαγγι τοὺς πεζούς· τοὺς δὲ ἱππέας ἐκέλευσεν ὀπίσω τῶν ἐλεφάντων ἀτρεμεῖν ἕως αὐτός τι σημήνῃ.
Hannibal opposed the elephants to the enemy's cavalry, and his infantry to their phalanx; and he ordered his cavalry to remain quiet behind the elephants until he himself should give some signal.
γενομένων δʼ ἐν χερσὶ πάντων, οἱ μὲν Ῥωμαίων ἵπποι τοὺς ἐλέφαντας, οὐ φέροντες αὐτῶν οὔτε τὴν ὄψιν οὔτε τὴν ὀδμήν, ἔφευγον·
When they came to close quarters, the horses of the Romans fled from the elephants, unable to bear either their appearance or their smell.
οἱ δὲ πεζοί, καίπερ ὑπὸ τοῦ κρύους καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀγρυπνίας τετρυμένοι τε καὶ μαλακοὶ ὄντες, ὅμως ὑπὸ τόλμης τοῖς θηρίοις ἐπεπήδων καὶ ἐτίτρωσκον αὐτά, καὶ τινῶν καὶ τὰ νεῦρα ὑπέκοπτον, καὶ τοὺς πεζοὺς ἐνέκλινον ἤδη.
But the infantry, although exhausted and weakened by the cold, the river, and lack of sleep, nevertheless with daring leaped upon the beasts and wounded them, and even cut the hamstrings of some, and were already forcing back the enemy's infantry.
θεασάμενος δʼ ὁ Ἀννίβας ἐσήμηνε τὴν ἵππον κυκλοῦσθαι τοὺς πολεμίους.
Hannibal, seeing this, signaled his cavalry to encircle the enemy.
ἐσκεδασμένων δʼ ἄρτι τῶν Ῥωμαϊκῶν ἱππέων διὰ τὰ θηρία καὶ τῶν πεζῶν μόνων τε ὄντων καὶ κακοπαθούντων καὶ δεδιότων τὴν περικύκλωσιν, φυγὴ πανταχόθεν ἦν ἐς τὰ στρατόπεδα.
Since the Roman cavalry had just been scattered by the beasts, and the infantry were left alone, suffering and fearing encirclement, there was a general flight from all sides to the camps.
καὶ ἀπώλλυντο οἱ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἱππέων καταλαμβανόντων ἅτε πεζούς, οἱ δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ παραφέροντος· τοῦ γὰρ ἡλίου τὴν χιόνα τήξαντος ὁ ποταμὸς ἐρρύη μέγας, καὶ οὔτε στῆναι διὰ τὸ βάθος οὔτε νεῖν διὰ τὰ ὅπλα ἐδύναντο.
Some were destroyed by the cavalry, who easily overtook them since they were on foot, while others were swept away by the river; for the sun having melted the snow, the river flowed high, and they could neither stand because of its depth nor swim because of their armor.
Σκιπίων δὲ αὐτοῖς ἑπόμενος καὶ παρακαλῶν ὀλίγου μὲν ἐδέησε τρωθεὶς διαφθαρῆναι, μόλις δʼ ἐς Κρεμῶνα διεσώθη φερόμενος.
Scipio, following and encouraging them, came within a little of being wounded and killed, but was with difficulty carried safely to Cremona.
ἐπίνειον δὲ ἦν τι βραχὺ Πλακεντίας, ᾧ προσβαλὼν ὁ Ἀννίβας ἀπώλεσε τετρακοσίους καὶ αὐτὸς ἐτρώθη.
There was a small naval station belonging to Placentia, which Hannibal attacked, but he lost four hundred men and was himself wounded.
καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦδε πάντες ἐχείμαζον, Σκιπίων μὲν ἐν Κρεμῶνι καὶ Πλακεντίᾳ, Αννίβας δὲ περὶ Πάδον.
After this they all went into winter quarters, Scipio at Cremona and Placentia, and Hannibal around the Padus.

Notes

  1. §25ὡς οὐ δέον — The neuter participle δέον of the impersonal verb δεῖ, accompanied by ὡς, forms an accusative absolute, expressing a subjective or alleged reason ('on the ground that it was not necessary/proper') and governing the following infinitive (written as στρατηγεῖ in the text, presumably for στρατηγεῖν).
  2. §25ἔφθασεν — The verb φθάνω, used here with a prepositional phrase (ἐπὶ τὸν Πάδον) and a direct object in the accusative (the proper name Ἀννίβαν), means 'to anticipate' or 'arrive before' someone at a location. Although often constructed with a participle, here it expresses spatial anticipation.
  3. §27ὀλίγου μὲν ἐδέησε — An idiomatic expression ὀλίγου δεῖ meaning 'almost' or 'came close to,' here in the aorist, taking an infinitive clause (τρωθεὶς διαφθαρῆναι, 'being wounded and destroyed') to mean 'he came within a little of being wounded and killed.'

Cite this passage

Appian, The Hannibalic War §25-27. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0551.tlg008.humanitext-grc2:25-27

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