§11ὅσα δὲ Ἀννίβας ὁ Καρχηδόνιος ἐξ Ἰβηρίας ἐς Ἰταλίαν ἐσβαλών, ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτεσιν οἷς ἐπέμεινε πολεμῶν, ἔδρασέ τε καὶ ἔπαθεν ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, ἕως αὐτὸν Καρχηδόνιοί τε κινδυνεύοντες περὶ τῇ πόλει ἐπὶ τὰ σφέτερα μετεπέμψαντο καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐξήλασαν, ἥδε ἡ γραφὴ δηλοῖ.
This writing reveals all that Hannibal the Carthaginian did and suffered at the hands of the Romans after invading Italy from Iberia, during the sixteen years he remained there fighting, until the Carthaginians, in danger regarding their city, recalled him to their own land and the Romans drove him out of Italy.
ἥ τις δὲ τῷ Ἀννίβᾳ γέγονε τῆς ἐσβολῆς αἰτία τε ἀληθὴς καὶ πρόφασις ἐς τὸ φανερόν, ἀκριβέστατα μὲν ἐν τῇ Ἰβηρικῇ συγγραφῇ δεδήλωται, συγγράψω δὲ καὶ νῦν ὅσον ἐς ἀνάμνησιν.
As for what was the true cause and what was the public pretext of the invasion for Hannibal, it has been shown most accurately in the Iberian history, but I will write of it now also, as far as is necessary for remembrance.
§12Ἀμίλχαρ ᾧ Βάρκας ἐπικλησις ἦν, Ἀννίβου τοῦδε πατήρ, ἐστρατήγει Καρχηδονίων ἐν Σικελίᾳ, ὅτε Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ Καρχηδόνιοι περὶ αὐτῆς ἀλλήλοις ἐπολέμουν.
Hamilcar, whose surname was Barca, the father of this Hannibal, was general of the Carthaginians in Sicily when the Romans and Carthaginians were warring with each other for it.
δόξας δὲ πρᾶξαι κακῶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἐδιώκετο, καὶ δεδιὼς ἔπραξεν ἐς τοὺς Νομάδας αἱρεθῆναι στρατηγὸς πρὸ τῶν εὐθυνῶν.
Since he was thought to have fared badly, he was prosecuted by his enemies, and out of fear he managed to be elected general against the Nomads before his accounting.
γενόμενος δὲ χρήσιμος ἐν τῷδε, καὶ τὴν στρατιὰν θεραπεύσας ἁρπαγαῖς καὶ δωρεαῖς, ἤγαγεν ἄνευ τοῦ κοινοῦ Καρχηδονίων ἐπὶ Γάδειρα, καὶ ἐπέρασε τὸν πορθμὸν ἐς Ἰβηρίαν, ὅθεν λάφυρα πολλὰ διέπεμπεν ἐς Καρχηδόνα, θεραπεύων τὸ πλῆθος, εἰ δύναιτο μὴ χαλεπαίνειν αὐτῷ τῆς στρατηγίας τῆς ἐν Σικελίᾳ, χώραν δʼ αὐτοῦ κατακτωμένου πολλὴν κλέος τε μέγα ἦν, καὶ Καρχηδονίοις ἐπιθυμία πάσης Ἰβηρίας ὡς εὐμαροῦς ἔργου.
Having made himself useful in this post, and having gratified his army with plunder and gifts, he led them without the common consent of the Carthaginians to Gadeira, and crossed the strait into Iberia, whence he sent much booty to Carthage, conciliating the multitude, in order that they might not be angry with him over his generalship in Sicily. As he acquired much land there, his glory became great, and the Carthaginians conceived a desire for the whole of Iberia, as if it were an easy task.
Ζακανθαῖοι δέ, καὶ ὅσοι ἄλλοι Ἕλληνες ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ, καταφεύγουσιν ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίους, καὶ γίγνεται Καρχηδονίοις ὅρος Ἰβηρίας, μὴ διαβαίνειν τὸν Ἴβηρα ποταμόν· καὶ τόδε ταῖς Ῥωμαίων καὶ Καρχηδονίων σπονδαῖς ἐνεγράφη.
The Saguntines and all the other Greeks in Iberia fled to the Romans for refuge, and a limit was set for the Carthaginians in Iberia, not to cross the Iber River; and this was written into the treaty between the Romans and Carthaginians.
ἐπὶ δὲ τούτῳ Βάρκας μὲν τὴν ὑπὸ Καρχηδονίοις Ἰβηρίαν καθιστάμενος ἔν τινι μάχῃ πεσὼν ἀποθνήσκει, καὶ στρατηγὸς Ἀσδρούβας ἐπʼ αὐτῷ γίγνεται, ὃς ἐκήδευε τῷ Βάρκᾳ.
After this, Barca, while organizing the Iberia under Carthaginian control, died falling in some battle, and Hasdrubal became general after him, who was married into the family of Barca.
καὶ τόνδε μὲν κτείνει θεράπων ἐν κυνηγεσίοις, οὗ τὸν δεσπότην ἀνῃρήκει.
And him a servant killed during hunting, whose master Hasdrubal had put to death.
§13τρίτος δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖσδε στρατηγὸς Ἰβήρων ὑπὸ τῆς στρατιᾶς ἀποδείκνυται, φιλοπόλεμος καὶ συνετὸς εἶναι δοκῶν, Ἀννίβας ὅδε, Βάρκα μὲν υἱὸς ὤν, Ἀσδρούβου δὲ τῆς γυναικὸς ἀδελφός, νέος δὲ κομιδῇ, καὶ ὡς μειράκιον ἔτι τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τῷ κηδεστῇ συνών.
As the third general of the Iberians after these, this Hannibal was appointed by the army, since he was thought to be warlike and prudent. He was the son of Barca and the brother of Hasdrubal's wife, and was very young, having associated with his father and brother-in-law while still a youth.
καὶ ὁ δῆμος ὁ Καρχηδονίων αὐτῷ τὴν στρατηγίαν ἐπεψήφισεν.
And the Carthaginian people confirmed the generalship to him by vote.
οὕτω μὲν Ἀννίβας, περὶ οὗ τάδε συγγράφω, γίγνεται στρατηγὸς Καρχηδονίων ἐπʼ Ἴβηρσι·
Thus Hannibal, about whom I write these things, became general of the Carthaginians over the Iberians.
τῶν δʼ ἐχθρῶν τῶν Βάρκα τε καὶ Ἀσδρούβου τοὺς φίλους τοὺς ἐκείνων διωκόντων, καὶ Ἀννίβου τοῦδε καταφρονούντων ὡς ἔτι νέου, ἀρχὴν εἶναι τοῦθʼ ὁ Ἀννίβας ἐφʼ ἑαυτὸν ἡγούμενος, καὶ νομίζων οἱ τὸ ἀσφαλὲς ἐκ τῶν τῆς πατρίδος φόβων περιέσεσθαι, ἐς πόλεμον αὐτοὺς μέγαν ἐμβαλεῖν ἐπενόει.
But since the enemies of Barca and Hasdrubal were prosecuting their friends, and looked down on this Hannibal as still young, Hannibal, considering this to be the beginning of an attack against himself and thinking that safety would remain to him from the fears of his native land, planned to cast them into a great war.
ὑπολαβὼν δʼ, ὥσπερ ἦν, τὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἐπιχειρῆσαι χρόνιόν τε Καρχηδονίοις ἔσεσθαι, καὶ μεγάλην αὐτῷ δόξαν, εἰ καὶ τύχοι πταίσας, τό γε ἐγχείρημα οἴσειν, λεγόμενος δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐπὶ βωμῶν ἔτι παῖς ὁρκωθῆναι Ῥωμαίοις ἐπιβουλεύων οὔ ποτʼ ἐκλείψειν, ἐπενόει παρὰ τὰς σπονδὰς τὸν Ἴβηρα διαβῆναι, καὶ παρεσκεύαζέ τινας ἐς πρόφασιν κατηγορεῖν Ζακανθαίων.
Supposing, as was the case, that the attempt against the Romans would be long-lasting for the Carthaginians, and would bring great glory to him even if he should happen to fail, and because he was also said to have been sworn by his father at the altars while still a child never to cease plotting against the Romans, he planned to cross the Iber contrary to the treaty, and prepared certain men to accuse the Saguntines as a pretext.
γράφων τε ταῦτα συνεχῶς ἐς Καρχηδόνα, καὶ προστιθεὶς ὅτι Ῥωμαῖοι κρύφα τὴν Ἰβηρίαν αὐτῶν ἀφιστᾶσιν, ἔτυχε παρὰ Καρχηδονίων πράσσειν ὅ τι δοκιμάσειεν.
Writing these things continually to Carthage, and adding that the Romans were secretly turning Iberia away from them, he obtained from the Carthaginians the power to do whatever he approved.
ὁ μὲν δὴ τὸν Ἴβηρα διαβὰς τὴν Ζακανθαίων πόλιν ἡβηδὸν διέφθειρε, Ῥωμαίοις δὲ καὶ Καρχηδονίοις ἐπὶ τῷδε ἐλέλυντο αἱ σπονδαὶ αἱ γενόμεναι αὐτοῖς μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον τὸν ἐν Σικελίᾳ.
Having then crossed the Iber, he destroyed the city of the Saguntines root and branch, and because of this, the treaty made between the Romans and Carthaginians after the war in Sicily was dissolved.
§14Ἀννίβας δὲ ὅσα μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ μετʼ αὐτὸν ἄλλοι Καρχηδονίων τε καὶ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγοὶ περὶ Ἰβηρίαν ἔπραξαν, ἡ Ἰβηρικὴ γραφὴ δηλοῖ·
All that Hannibal himself and the other generals after him, both of the Carthaginians and of the Romans, did in Iberia, the Iberian writing shows.
ἐπιλεξάμενος δὲ Κελτιβήρων τε καὶ Λιβύων καὶ ἑτέρων ἐθνῶν ὅτι πλείστους, καὶ τὰ ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ παραδοὺς Ἀσδρούβᾳ τῷ ἀδελφῷ, τὰ Πυρηναῖα ὄρη διέβαινεν ἐς τὴν Κελτικὴν τὴν νῦν λεγομένην Γαλατίαν, ἄγων πεζοὺς ἐνακισμυρίους καὶ ἱππέας ἐς δισχιλίους ἐπὶ μυρίοις καὶ ἐλέφαντας ἑπτὰ καὶ τριάκοντα.
But having selected as many as possible of the Celtiberians, Libyans, and other nations, and having handed over the affairs in Iberia to his brother Hasdrubal, he crossed the Pyrenees mountains into Celtica, now called Galatia, leading ninety thousand infantry, twelve thousand cavalry, and thirty-seven elephants.
Γαλατῶν δὲ τοὺς μὲν ὠνούμενος, τοὺς δὲ πείθων, τοὺς δὲ καὶ βιαζόμενος, διώδευε τὴν χώραν.
Some of the Galatians he bought, others he persuaded, and others he forced, and so traversed their country.
ἐλθὼν δὲ ἐπὶ τὰ Ἄλπεια ὄρη, καὶ μηδεμίαν μήτε δίοδον μήτε ἄνοδον εὑρών (ἀπόκρημνα γάρ ἐστιν ἰσχυρῶς), ἐπέβαινε κἀκείνοις ὑπὸ τόλμης, κακοπαθῶν χιονος τε πολλῆς οὔσης καὶ κρύους, τὴν μὲν ὕλην τέμνων τε καὶ κατακαίων, τὴν δὲ τέφραν σβεννὺς ὕδατι καὶ ὄξει, καὶ τὴν πέτραν ἐκ τοῦδε ψαφαρὰν γιγνομένην σφύραις σιδηραῖς θραύων, καὶ ὁδὸν ποιῶν ἣ καὶ νῦν ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρῶν ἐντριβὴς καὶ καλεῖται δίοδος Ἀννίβου.
Coming to the Alps, and finding neither passage nor ascent (for they are extremely precipitous), he ventured upon them with daring, suffering from much snow and cold, cutting down and burning the timber, quenching the ashes with water and vinegar, and shattering the rock, which became crumbly from this, with iron hammers, making a road which is still used on the mountains and is called the Pass of Hannibal.
τῶν δὲ τροφῶν αὐτὸν ἐπιλειπουσῶν ἠπείγετο μέν, ἔτι λανθάνων ὅτι καὶ πάρεστιν ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν, ἕκτῳ δὲ μόλις ἀπὸ τῆς ἐξ Ἰβήρων ἀναστάσεως μηνί, πλείστους ἀποβαλών, ἐς τὸ πεδίον ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν κατέβαινε.
As his provisions were failing he hastened, still undetected that he was actually present in Italy, and barely in the sixth month from his departure from Iberia, having lost very many men, he descended from the mountains into the plain.