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Polybius · The Histories §6.5.1-6.5.10

Rebirth of Mankind and the Natural Origin of Monarchy

Passage 480 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Declaring his intention to summarize the complex theories of philosophers on constitutional change for historical understanding, the author discusses the natural origin of 'monarchy' ruled by the physically and mentally strong during the reconstruction of humanity after a great catastrophe.

§6.5.1ἀκριβέστερον μὲν οὖν ἴσως ὁ περὶ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν μεταβολῆς τῶν πολιτειῶν εἰς ἀλλήλας διευκρινεῖται λόγος παρὰ Πλάτωνι καί τισιν ἑτέροις τῶν φιλοσόφων· ποικίλος δʼ ὢν καὶ διὰ πλειόνων λεγόμενος ὀλίγοις ἐφικτός ἐστιν. §6.5.2διόπερ ὅσον ἀνήκειν ὑπολαμβάνομεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὴν πραγματικὴν ἱστορίαν καὶ τὴν κοινὴν ἐπίνοιαν, τοῦτο πειρασόμεθα κεφαλαιωδῶς διελθεῖν· §6.5.3καὶ γὰρ ἂν ἐλλείπειν τι δόξῃ διὰ τῆς καθολικῆς ἐμφάσεως, ὁ κατὰ μέρος λόγος τῶν ἑξῆς ῥηθησομένων ἱκανὴν ἀνταπόδοσιν ποιήσει τῶν νῦν ἐπαπορηθέντων. §6.5.4ποίας οὖν ἀρχὰς λέγω καὶ πόθεν φημὶ φύεσθαι τὰς πολιτείας πρῶτον; §6.5.5ὅταν ἢ διὰ κατακλυσμοὺς ἢ διὰ λοιμικὰς περιστάσεις ἢ διʼ ἀφορίας καρπῶν ἢ διʼ ἄλλας τοιαύτας αἰτίας φθορὰ γένηται τοῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους, οἵας ἤδη γεγονέναι παρειλήφαμεν καὶ πάλιν πολλάκις ἔσεσθʼ ὁ λόγος αἱρεῖ, §6.5.6τότε δὴ συμφθειρομένων πάντων τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων καὶ τεχνῶν, ὅταν ἐκ τῶν περιλειφθέντων οἷον εἰ σπερμάτων αὖθις αὐξηθῇ σὺν χρόνῳ πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων, τότε δήπου, §6.5.7καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτων συναθροιζομένων — ὅπερ εἰκός, καὶ τούτους εἰς τὸ ὁμόφυλον συναγελάζεσθαι διὰ τὴν τῆς φύσεως ἀσθένειαν — ἀνάγκη τὸν τῇ σωματικῇ ῥώμῃ καὶ τῇ ψυχικῇ τόλμῃ διαφέροντα, τοῦτον ἡγεῖσθαι καὶ κρατεῖν, §6.5.8καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων γενῶν ἀδοξοποιήτων ζῴων θεωρούμενον τοῦτο χρὴ φύσεως ἔργον ἀληθινώτατον νομίζειν, παρʼ οἷς ὁμολογουμένως τοὺς ἰσχυροτάτους ὁρῶμεν ἡγουμένους, λέγω δὲ ταύρους, κάπρους, ἀλεκτρυόνας, τὰ τούτοις παραπλήσια. §6.5.9τὰς μὲν οὖν ἀρχὰς εἰκὸς τοιούτους εἶναι καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίους, ζῳηδὸν συναθροιζομένων καὶ τοῖς ἀλκιμωτάτοις καὶ δυναμικωτάτοις ἑπομένων· οἷς ὅρος μέν ἐστι τῆς ἀρχῆς ἰσχύς, ὄνομα δʼ ἂν εἴποι τις μοναρχίαν. §6.5.10ἐπειδὰν δὲ τοῖς συστήμασι διὰ τὸν χρόνον ὑπογένηται συντροφία καὶ συνήθεια, τοῦτʼ ἀρχὴ βασιλείας φύεται, καὶ τότε πρώτως ἔννοια γίνεται τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ δικαίου τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ὁμοίως
Perhaps, then, the theory concerning the natural transformation of constitutions into one another is more accurately elaborated in Plato and some other philosophers; but because it is complex and expounded at great length, it is accessible only to a few.\n Therefore, so much of it as we suppose to belong to practical history and common understanding, we shall attempt to go through in summary form;\n for even if something seems to be lacking due to the general presentation, the detailed discussion of what is to follow in order will make a sufficient compensation for the questions now raised.\n What origins, then, do I mean, and from where do I say that constitutions first arise?\n When either through deluges, or pestilential conditions, or failure of crops, or other such causes, a destruction of the human race takes place—such as we have received tradition of having already occurred, and as reason convinces us will happen again many times—\n then, when all institutions and arts are destroyed along with them, and when from the survivors, as if from seeds, a multitude of humans grows up again in course of time, then, surely,\n just as in the case of other animals, when they herd together—and it is natural for them to flock to those of their own kind due to the weakness of their nature—it is necessary that he who excels in bodily strength and mental daring should lead and rule them,\n just as we must consider this to be the truest work of nature, as observed also among the other kinds of unreasoning animals, among whom we admittedly see the strongest leading, I mean bulls, boars, cocks, and the like.\n Therefore, it is likely that such were the origins and the lives of humans also, herding together like animals and following the most valiant and powerful; for them, the limit of authority is strength, and one might call the name of this monarchy.\n But when in these communities, in course of time, a common upbringing and habit arise, this is the birth of the origin of kingship, and then for the first time an idea of the beautiful and the just arises among humans, and similarly...

Notes

  1. 6.5.3ἂν ... δόξῃ — The particle ἄν accompanying the subjunctive δόξῃ functions as a contraction of the conditional conjunction ἐάν (or with the sense of κἄν), introducing a concessive conditional clause ('even if it should seem to be lacking').
  2. 6.5.5ὁ λόγος αἱρεῖ — This usage of the verb αἱρέω is an idiomatic expression meaning 'reason proves/shows/convinces', indicating that a conclusion is reached through objective logic or rational necessity.
  3. 6.5.7τὸν ... διαφέροντα, τοῦτον ἡγεῖσθαι — An accusative and infinitive construction following the impersonal ἀνάγκη [ἐστί]. The accusative subject τὸν ... διαφέροντα ('he who excels') is emphatically resumed by the demonstrative pronoun τοῦτον.
  4. 6.5.8θεωρούμενον τοῦτο — The present passive participle θεωρούμενον (accusative neuter singular) modifies τοῦτο, which is the object of νομίζειν. The structure is 'we must consider this [phenomenon], which is observed [among others], to be the work of nature'.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §6.5.1-6.5.10. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:6.5.1-6.5.10

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