Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §6.48.1-6.48.8

Spartan Constitution: Internal Harmony and Flaws in Expansion

Passage 525 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Polybius returns to the Spartan constitution, praising Lycurgus for successfully securing internal harmony, stability, and freedom through excellent laws. However, he points out that the Spartan system made absolutely no provision for external conquests or hegemony, resulting in a highly ambitious and grasping character toward other Greeks.

§6.48.1διόπερ ἀφέμενοι τούτων ἐπὶ τὴν Λακωνικὴν ἐπάνιμεν πολιτείαν.
Therefore, leaving these aside, let us return to the Lacedaemonian constitution.
§6.48.2δοκεῖ δή μοι Λυκοῦργος πρὸς μὲν τὸ σφίσιν ὁμονοεῖν τοὺς πολίτας καὶ πρὸς τὸ τὴν Λακωνικὴν τηρεῖν ἀσφαλῶς, ἔτι δὲ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν διαφυλάττειν τῇ Σπάρτῃ βεβαίως, οὕτως νενομοθετηκέναι καὶ προνενοῆσθαι καλῶς ὥστε θειοτέραν τὴν ἐπίνοιαν ἢ κατʼ ἄνθρωπον αὐτοῦ νομίζειν.
Now, Lycurgus seems to me to have legislated and planned so well with a view to the citizens agreeing among themselves, to keeping Laconia secure, and furthermore to preserving liberty firmly for Sparta, that one considers his design to be more divine than human.
§6.48.3ἡ μὲν γὰρ περὶ τὰς κτήσεις ἰσότης καὶ περὶ τὴν δίαιταν ἀφέλεια καὶ κοινότης σώφρονας μὲν ἔμελλε τοὺς κατʼ ἰδίαν βίους παρασκευάζειν, ἀστασίαστον δὲ τὴν κοινὴν παρέξεσθαι πολιτείαν, ἡ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πόνους καὶ πρὸς τὰ δεινὰ τῶν ἔργων ἄσκησις ἀλκίμους καὶ γενναίους ἀποτελέσειν ἄνδρας.
For equality concerning property, and simplicity and community in their mode of life, were bound to render their private lives temperate and to make their common constitution free from faction, while training with respect to labors and the dangers of deeds was bound to render the men brave and noble.
§6.48.4ἑκατέρων δὲ τούτων ὁμοῦ συνδραμόντων εἰς μίαν ψυχὴν ἢ πόλιν, ἀνδρείας καὶ σωφροσύνης, οὐτʼ ἐξ αὐτῶν φῦναι κακίαν εὐμαρὲς οὔθʼ ὑπὸ τῶν πέλας χειρωθῆναι ῥᾴδιον.
And when both of these, namely courage and temperance, combine into a single soul or state, it is not easy for vice to spring up from them, nor is it easy for them to be subdued by their neighbors.
§6.48.5διόπερ οὕτως καὶ διὰ τούτων συστησάμενος τὴν πολιτείαν, βεβαίαν μὲν τῇ συμπάσῃ Λακωνικῇ παρεσκεύασε τὴν ἀσφάλειαν, πολυχρόνιον δὲ τοῖς Σπαρτιάταις αὐτοῖς ἀπέλιπε τὴν ἐλευθερίαν.
Therefore, having established the constitution in this way and through these means, he secured firm safety for the whole of Laconia and left long-lasting freedom for the Spartans themselves.
§6.48.6πρὸς μέντοι γε τὴν τῶν πέλας κατάκτησιν καὶ πρὸς ἡγεμονίαν καὶ καθόλου πρὸς πραγμάτων ἀμφισβήτησιν οὔτʼ ἐν τοῖς κατὰ μέρος οὔτʼ ἐν τοῖς ὅλοις δοκεῖ μοι προνοηθῆναι καθάπαξ οὐδέν.
However, with respect to the conquest of their neighbors, to hegemony, and generally to rivalry for power, he seems to me to have made absolutely no provision, either in detail or in general.
§6.48.7λοιπὸν ἦν τοιαύτην τινὰ παρεισαγαγεῖν [δεῖ] τοῖς πολίταις ἀνάγκην ἢ πρόθεσιν, διʼ ἧς ὥσπερ καὶ περὶ τοὺς κατʼ ἰδίαν βίους αὐτάρκεις αὐτοὺς παρεσκεύασε καὶ λιτούς, οὕτως καὶ τὸ κοινὸν ἔθος τῆς πόλεως αὔταρκες ἔμελλε γίνεσθαι καὶ σῶφρον.
It remained, therefore, to introduce some such necessity or purpose to the citizens, through which, just as he made them self-sufficient and simple regarding their private lives, the common character of the city was also bound to become self-sufficient and temperate.
§6.48.8νῦν δʼ ἀφιλοτιμοτάτους καὶ νουνεχεστάτους ποιήσας περί τε τοὺς ἰδίους βίου, καὶ τὰ τῆς σφετέρας πόλεως νόμιμα, πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους Ἕλληνας φιλοτιμοτάτους καὶ φιλαρχοτάτους καὶ πλεονεκτικωτάτους ἀπέλιπε.
But as it is, while having made them most free from ambition and most sensible regarding both their private lives and the institutions of their own city, he left them most ambitious, most power-loving, and most grasping toward the other Greeks.

Notes

  1. 6.48.2νομίζειν — The infinitive dependent on the conjunction of result ὥστε. Its subject is indefinite ('one' or 'people' in general). It is interpreted as 'so that [one] considers his design to be more divine than human.'
  2. 6.48.3παρέξεσθαι — A future middle infinitive depending on the auxiliary verb ἔμελλε, parallel to παρασκευάζειν. It can be interpreted either actively ('to render the common constitution free from faction') or reflexively ('to present itself as free from faction'). In parallel with the preceding active infinitive παρασκευάζειν, it is natural to take it in an active/causative sense where the subject (equality of property, etc.) acts upon the object (the constitution).
  3. 6.48.6προνοηθῆναι — An aorist passive infinitive. Used with the main verb δοκεῖ, it can be interpreted either passively with οὐδέν as the subject ('it seems to me that nothing was provided for') or with Lycurgus as the implied subject, taking the verb in a deponent/middle sense ('he seems to me to have made absolutely no provision'). In either case, it points to Lycurgus's total lack of planning for external relations.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §6.48.1-6.48.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:6.48.1-6.48.8

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.