§4.39.1ὁ δὴ καλούμενος Πόντος ἔχει τὴν μὲν περίμετρον ἔγγιστα τῶν δισμυρίων καὶ δισχιλίων σταδίων, στόματα δὲ διττὰ κατὰ διάμετρον ἀλλήλοις κείμενα, τὸ μὲν ἐκ τῆς Προποντίδος, τὸ δʼ ἐκ τῆς Μαιώτιδος λίμνης, ἥτις αὐτὴ καθʼ αὑτὴν ὀκτακισχιλίων ἔχει σταδίων τὴν περιγραφήν.
The so-called Pontus has a circumference of very nearly twenty-two thousand stadia, and two mouths lying diametrically opposite to each other, one from the Propontis and the other from Lake Maeotis, which latter itself has a circumference of eight thousand stadia.
§4.39.2εἰς δὲ τὰ προειρημένα κοιλώματα πολλῶν μὲν καὶ μεγάλων ποταμῶν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας ἐκβαλλόντων, ἔτι δὲ μειζόνων καὶ πλειόνων ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης, συμβαίνει τὴν μὲν Μαιῶτιν ἀναπληρουμένην ὑπὸ τούτων ῥεῖν εἰς τὸν Πόντον διὰ τοῦ στόματος, τὸν δὲ Πόντον εἰς τὴν Προποντίδα.
And since many great rivers from Asia, and still larger and more numerous ones from Europe, empty into the aforementioned basins, it happens that Lake Maeotis, being filled by them, flows through its mouth into the Pontus, and the Pontus into the Propontis.
§4.39.3καλεῖται δὲ τὸ μὲν τῆς Μαιώτιδος στόμα Κιμμερικὸς Βόσπορος, ὃ τὸ μὲν πλάτος ἔχει περὶ τριάκοντα στάδια, τὸ δὲ μῆκος ἑξήκοντα, πᾶν δʼ ἐστὶν ἁλιτενές·
The mouth of Lake Maeotis is called the Cimmerian Bosporus, which is about thirty stadia in width and sixty in length, and is entirely shallow.
§4.39.4τὸ δὲ τοῦ Πόντου παραπλησίως ὀνομάζεται μὲν Βόσπορος Θρᾴκιος, ἔστι δὲ τὸ μὲν μῆκος ἐφʼ ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι στάδια, τὸ δὲ πλάτος οὐ πάντη ταὐτόν.
And that of the Pontus is similarly named the Thracian Bosporus, being one hundred and twenty stadia in length, while its width is not everywhere the same.
§4.39.5ἄρχει δὲ τοῦ στόματος ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Προποντίδος τὸ κατὰ Καλχηδόνα διάστημα καὶ Βυζάντιον, §4.39.6ὃ δεκατεττάρων ἐστὶ σταδίων, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Πόντου τὸ καλούμενον Ἱερόν, ἐφʼ οὗ τόπου φασὶ κατὰ τὴν ἐκ Κόλχων ἀνακομιδὴν Ἰάσονα θῦσαι πρῶτον τοῖς δώδεκα θεοῖς·
The mouth begins on the side of the Propontis at the interval between Chalcedon and Byzantium, which is fourteen stadia, and on the side of the Pontus at the place called Hieron, where they say Jason on his return from Colchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods.
ὃ κεῖται μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας, ἀπέχει δὲ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἐπὶ δώδεκα στάδια πρὸς τὸ καταντικρὺ κείμενον Σαραπιεῖον τῆς Θρᾴκης.
This lies on the Asian side, and is twelve stadia distant from the Sarapieion of Thrace, which lies directly opposite on the European side.
§4.39.7τοῦ δὲ ῥεῖν ἔξω κατὰ τὸ συνεχὲς τήν τε Μαιῶτιν καὶ τὸν Πόντον εἰσὶν αἰτίαι διτταί, μία μὲν αὐτόθεν καὶ πᾶσι προφανής, καθʼ ἥν, πολλῶν εἰσπιπτόντων ῥευμάτων εἰς περιγραφὴν ἀγγείων ὡρισμένων, πλεῖον ἀεὶ καὶ πλεῖον γίνεται τὸ ὑγρόν,
There are two causes for the continual outward flow of both Lake Maeotis and the Pontus.
§4.39.8ὃ μηδεμιᾶς μὲν ὑπαρχούσης ἐκρύσεως δέον ἂν ἦν προσαναβαῖνον ἀεὶ μείζω καὶ πλείω τοῦ κοιλώματος περιλαμβάνειν τόπον, ὑπαρχουσῶν δʼ ἐκρύσεων ἀνάγκη τὸ προσγινόμενον καὶ πλεονάζον ὑπερπῖπτον ἀπορρεῖν καὶ φέρεσθαι συνεχῶς διὰ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων στομάτων·
One is immediate and obvious to everyone, according to which, since many streams fall into vessels of defined limits, the water constantly becomes more and more, which, if there were no outlet, would have had to rise constantly and occupy an increasingly larger and wider space in the basin, but since outlets exist, the additional and surplus water must overflow and run off continually through the existing mouths.
§4.39.9δευτέρα δέ, καθʼ ἥν, πολὺν καὶ παντοδαπὸν χοῦν εἰσφερόντων εἰς τὰ προειρημένα κοιλώματα τῶν ποταμῶν κατὰ τὰς τῶν ὄμβρων ἐπιτάσεις, ἐκπιεζόμενον τὸ ὑγρὸν ὑπὸ τῶν συνισταμένων ἐγχωμάτων ἀεὶ προσαναβαίνει καὶ φέρεται κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον διὰ τῶν ὑπαρχουσῶν ἐκρύσεων.
The second cause is that, since the rivers carry a large amount of all kinds of alluvial soil into the aforementioned basins during heavy rains, the water, being squeezed out by the forming silt-banks, constantly rises and is carried off in the same proportion through the existing outlets.
§4.39.10τῆς δʼ ἐγχώσεως καὶ τῆς ἐπιρρύσεως ἀδιαπαύστου καὶ συνεχοῦς γινομένης ἐκ τῶν ποταμῶν, καὶ τὴν ἀπόρρυσιν ἀδιάπαυστον καὶ συνεχῆ γίνεσθαι διὰ τῶν στομάτων ἀναγκαῖον.
Since the silting up and the influx from the rivers are incessant and continuous, the outflow through the mouths must also be incessant and continuous.
§4.39.11αἱ μὲν οὖν ἀληθεῖς αἰτίαι τοῦ ῥεῖν ἔξω τὸν Πόντον αἵδʼ εἰσίν, οὐκ ἐξ ἐμπορικῶν ἔχουσαι διηγημάτων τὴν πίστιν, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν θεω
These, then, are the true causes of the outward flow of the Pontus, deriving their credibility not from merchants' stories, but from the observation of nature.