§4.38.1τοιαύτας αἰτίας.
...due to such causes.
Βυζάντιοι κατὰ μὲν θάλατταν εὐκαιρότατον οἰκοῦσι τόπον καὶ πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν καὶ πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν πάντη τῶν ἐν τῇ καθʼ ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένῃ, κατὰ δὲ γῆν πρὸς ἀμφότερα πάντων ἀφυέστατον.
The Byzantines, by sea, occupy a site which is of all places in our inhabited world the most favorable both for security and prosperity; but by land, it is of all places the most unfavorable in both respects.
§4.38.2κατὰ μὲν γὰρ θάλατταν οὕτως ἐπίκεινται τῷ στόματι τοῦ Πόντου κυρίως ὥστε μήτʼ εἰσπλεῦσαι μήτʼ ἐκπλεῦσαι μηδένα δυνατὸν εἶναι τῶν ἐμπόρων χωρὶς τῆς ἐκείνων βουλήσεως.
For by sea they so completely command the mouth of the Pontus that no merchant can sail in or out without their consent.
§4.38.3ἔχοντος δὲ τοῦ Πόντου πολλὰ τῶν πρὸς τὸν βίον εὐχρήστων τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις, πάντων εἰσὶ τούτων κύριοι Βυζάντιοι.
Since the Pontus possesses many things useful for life to the rest of mankind, the Byzantines are masters of all these.
§4.38.4πρὸς μὲν γὰρ τὰς ἀναγκαίας τοῦ βίου χρείας τά τε θρέμματα καὶ τὸ τῶν εἰς τὰς δουλείας ἀγομένων σωμάτων πλῆθος οἱ κατὰ τὸν Πόντον ἡμῖν τόποι παρασκευάζουσι δαψιλέστατον καὶ χρησιμώτατον ὁμολογουμένως· πρὸς δὲ περιουσίαν μέλι, κηρόν, τάριχος ἀφθόνως ἡμῖν χορηγοῦσι.
For as regards the necessary demands of life, the countries around the Pontus provide us with cattle and an abundance of slaves of the best quality and in the greatest number by common consent; while for luxury they supply us bountifully with honey, wax, and salt fish.
§4.38.5δέχονται γε μὴν τῶν ἐν τοῖς παρʼ ἡμῖν τόποις περιττευόντων ἔλαιον καὶ πᾶν οἴνου γένος· σίτῳ δʼ ἀμείβονται, ποτὲ μὲν εὐκαίρως διδόντες, ποτὲ δὲ λαμβάνοντες.
On the other hand, they receive from the surplus of our regions olive oil and every kind of wine; and as for grain, they exchange it, sometimes supply it when convenient, and sometimes receive it.
§4.38.6πάντων δὴ τούτων ἢ κωλύεσθαι δέον ἦν ὁλοσχερῶς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἢ τελέως ἀλυσιτελῆ γίνεσθαι σφίσι τὴν ἀλλαγὴν αὐτῶν, Βυζαντίων ἤτοι βουλομένων ἐθελοκακεῖν καὶ συνδυάζειν ποτὲ μὲν Γαλάταις, τοτὲ δὲ πλείονα Θρᾳξὶν ἢ τὸ παράπαν μὴ κατοικούντων τοὺς τόπους·
Now, the Greeks would either have to be entirely excluded from all these things, or their exchange would have to become completely unprofitable to them, if the Byzantines chose to act maliciously and ally themselves now with the Galatians and now with the Thracians, or if they did not inhabit these regions at all.
§4.38.7διά τε γὰρ τὴν στενότητα τοῦ πόρου καὶ τὸ παρακείμενον πλῆθος τῶν βαρβάρων ἄπλους ἂν ἡμῖν ἦν ὁμολογουμένως ὁ Πόντος.
For owing to the narrowness of the passage and the multitude of the neighboring barbarians, the Pontus would by common consent be impassable for us.
§4.38.8μέγιστα μὲν οὖν ἴσως αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις περιγίνεται λυσιτελῆ πρὸς τοὺς βίους διὰ τὰς τῶν τόπων ἰδιότητας· §4.38.9ἅπαν γὰρ τὸ μὲν περιττεῦον παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐξαγωγῆς, τὸ δὲ λεῖπον εἰσαγωγῆς ἑτοίμου τυγχάνει καὶ λυσιτελοῦς ἄνευ πάσης κακοπαθείας καὶ κινδύνου·
Perhaps, then, the greatest benefits accrue to the Byzantines themselves for their livelihood owing to the peculiar nature of the site; for all their surplus finds a ready export, and what they lack finds a ready and profitable import without any hardship or danger.
§4.38.10πολλά γε μὴν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὔχρηστα διʼ ἐκείνους, ὡς εἰρήκαμεν, ἀπαντᾷ.
Yet many things also occur that are useful to others through them, as we have said.
διὸ καὶ κοινοί τινες ὡς εὐεργέται πάντων ὑπάρχοντες εἰκότως ἂν οὐ μόνον χάριτος, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπικουρίας κοινῆς τυγχάνοιεν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατὰ τὰς ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων περιστάσεις.
Therefore, since they exist as common benefactors of all, they might reasonably receive from the Greeks not only gratitude but also common assistance in times of danger from the barbarians.
§4.38.11ἐπεὶ δὲ παρὰ τοῖς πλείστοις ἀγνοεῖσθαι συνέβαινε τὴν ἰδιότητα καὶ τὴν εὐφυΐαν τοῦ τόπου, διὰ τὸ μικρὸν ἔξω κεῖσθαι τῶν ἐπισκοπουμένων μερῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης, §4.38.12βουλόμεθα δὲ πάντες εἰδέναι τὰ τοιαῦτα, καὶ μάλιστα μὲν αὐτόπται γίνεσθαι τῶν ἐχόντων παρηλλαγμένον τι καὶ διαφέρον τόπων, εἰ δὲ μὴ τοῦτο δυνατόν, ἐννοίας γε καὶ τύπους ἔχειν ἐν αὑτοῖς ὡς ἔγγιστα τῆς ἀληθείας, §4.38.13ῥητέον ἂν εἴη τί τὸ συμβαῖνόν ἐστι καὶ τί τὸ ποιοῦν τὴν τηλικαύτην καὶ τοιαύτην εὐπορίαν τῆς προειρημένης πόλεως.
But since the peculiar nature and advantages of the site happen to be unknown to most people, because it lies a little outside the parts of the inhabited world that are usually visited, and since we all wish to know about such things, and preferably to be eyewitnesses of places that have something peculiar and distinctive, but if that is impossible, at least to have in our minds ideas and outlines as close as possible to the truth, it must be stated what the situation is and what it is that produces such great and singular prosperity for the aforementioned city.