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Polybius · The Histories §31.21.1-31.21.8

Masinissa's Incursion into Emporia and Roman Arbitration

Passage 1195 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

King Masinissa of Numidia launched an expansionist campaign against Carthage to seize the wealthy region of Emporia. The Roman Senate, motivated by self-interest, repeatedly ruled in Masinissa's favor, ultimately forcing Carthage to yield the territory and pay massive damages.

§31.21.1ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην Μασαννάσας θεωρῶν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πόλεων τῶν περὶ τὴν μικρὰν Σύρτιν ἐκτισμένων καὶ τὸ κάλλος τῆς χώρας, ἣν καλοῦσιν Ἐμπόρια, καὶ πάλαι τὸ πλῆθος τῶν προσόδων τῶν γινομένων ἐν τούτοις τοῖς τόποις ὀφθαλμιῶν, §31.21.2ἐπεβάλετο καταπειράζειν τῶν Καρχηδονίων οὐ πολλοῖς ἀνώτερον χρόνοις τῶν νῦν λεγομένων καιρῶν.
In Libya, Masinissa, observing the great number of cities built around the Lesser Syrtis and the beauty of the district which they call Emporia, and having long cast a covetous eye on the abundance of the revenues arising from these places, undertook to make an attempt upon the Carthaginians at a time not much prior to that now under discussion.
τῆς μὲν οὖν χώρας ταχέως ἐγενήθη κύριος, §31.21.3ἅτε τῶν ὑπαίθρων κρατῶν διὰ τὸ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους αἰεὶ μὲν ἀλλοτρίους ὑπάρχειν τῆς ἐν τῇ γῇ χρείας, τότε δὲ καὶ τελέως ἐκτεθηλύνθαι διὰ τὴν πολυχρόνιον εἰρήνην· §31.21.4τῶν δὲ πόλεων οὐκ ἠδυνήθη γενέσθαι κύριος διὰ τὸ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους ἐπιμελῶς τηρεῖν αὐτάς.
Of the territory, indeed, he quickly became master, since he was superior in the open field, because the Carthaginians had always been unaccustomed to land service, and at that time had also been completely enervated by the long peace; but of the cities he was unable to make himself master, because the Carthaginians guarded them with great care.
§31.21.5ἀμφοτέρων δὲ ποιουμένων τὴν ἀναφορὰν ἐπὶ τὴν σύγκλητον ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων, καὶ πρεσβευτῶν πολλάκις ἐληλυθότων διὰ ταῦτα παρʼ ἑκατέρων, §31.21.6αἰεὶ συνέβαινε τοὺς Καρχηδονίους ἐλαττοῦσθαι παρὰ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις, οὐ τοῖς δικαίοις, ἀλλὰ τῷ πεπεῖσθαι τοὺς κρίνοντας συμφέρειν σφίσι τὴν τοιαύτην γνώμην, §31.21.7ἐπείτοι χρόνοις οὐ πολλοῖς ἀνώτερον αὐτὸς ὁ Μασαννάσας διώκων τὸν Ἀφθῆρα τὸν ἀποστάτην μετὰ στρατοπέδου δίοδον ᾐτήσατο τοὺς Καρχηδονίους διὰ ταύτης τῆς χώρας, οἱ δʼ οὐχ ὑπήκουσαν, ὡς οὐδὲν αὐτῷ προσηκούσης.
When both parties made reference to the senate concerning the matters in dispute, and ambassadors had frequently come from each side on this account, it always happened that the Carthaginians came off worst before the Romans, not because of the justice of the case, but because the judges were convinced that such a decision was to their own interest, seeing that at a time not much earlier, Masinissa himself, when pursuing the rebel Aphther with an army, had asked the Carthaginians for a passage through this territory, and they had not complied, on the ground that it did not belong to him in any way.
οὐ §31.21.8μὴν ἀλλὰ τέλος εἰς τοῦτο συνεκλείσθησαν οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι διὰ τῶν ἀποφάσεων κατὰ τοὺς νῦν λεγομένους καιροὺς ὥστε μὴ μόνον τὰς πόλεις καὶ τὴν χώραν ἀποβαλεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πεντακόσια τάλαντα προσθεῖναι τῆς καρπείας τῶν χρόνων, ἐξ οὗ συνέβη γενέσθαι τὴν ἀμφισβήτησιν.
Nevertheless, the Carthaginians were finally so hemmed in by the decisions at the time now mentioned, that they not only lost the cities and the territory, but had also to pay in addition five hundred talents for the produce of the land during the time since the dispute had arisen.

Notes

  1. 31.21.1ὀφθαλμιῶν — The present participle ὀφθαλμιῶν (nominative singular masculine) agrees with the subject Μασαννάσας and stands in parallel with the preceding participle θεωρῶν. While the verb literally means 'to suffer from ophthalmia', it is here used figuratively in the sense of 'to cast a covetous eye upon', taking the accusative phrase τὸ πλῆθος τῶν προσόδων as its object.
  2. 31.21.3τῆς ἐν τῇ γῇ χρείας — This genitive phrase is governed by the adjective ἀλλοτρίους ('unaccustomed to', 'alien to'). Here χρεία refers to 'military service' or 'practical duties', indicating that the Carthaginians were historically unaccustomed to land warfare as opposed to naval service.
  3. 31.21.6τῷ πεπεῖσθαι τοὺς κρίνοντας — An articular infinitive in the dative case (perfect passive πεπεῖσθαι) expressing cause or reason without a preposition. The accusative τοὺς κρίνοντας is the subject of the infinitive, meaning 'by the fact that the judges had been convinced'.
  4. 31.21.7ὡς οὐδὲν αὐτῷ προσηκούσης — A genitive absolute construction introduced by the particle ὡς, which indicates a subjective reason or allegation. The feminine singular participle προσηκούσης agrees with the implied subject 'the territory' (χώρα), meaning 'on the ground that it did not belong to him in any way'.
  5. 31.21.7οὐ — This negative particle οὐ, although placed at the very end of §31.21.7 due to traditional section partitioning, syntactically belongs to the following §31.21.8, forming the strong adversative idiom οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ ('nevertheless', 'however'). Thus, in translation, it must be rendered as part of the beginning of the next section.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §31.21.1-31.21.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:31.21.1-31.21.8

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