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Polybius · The Histories §3.78.1-3.78.8

Hannibal's Disguises and the Plan to March through the Marshes

Passage 237 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

To protect himself from the untruthfulness of the Celts, Hannibal uses wigs and disguises, and with the coming of spring, he decides to march into Tyrrhenia via a difficult shortcut through the marshes to surprise Flaminius.

§3.78.1ἐχρήσατο δέ τινι καὶ Φοινικικῷ στρατηγήματι τοιούτῳ κατὰ τὴν παραχειμασίαν.
During his wintering, he also employed a certain Carthaginian stratagem of the following kind.
§3.78.2ἀγωνιῶν γὰρ τὴν ἀθεσίαν τῶν Κελτῶν καὶ τὰς ἐπιβουλὰς τὰς περὶ τὸ σῶμα διὰ τὸ πρόσφατον τῆς πρὸς αὐτοὺς συστάσεως κατεσκευάσατο περιθετὰς τρίχας, ἁρμοζούσας ταῖς κατὰ τὰς ὁλοσχερεῖς διαφορὰς τῶν ἡλικιῶν ἐπιπρεπείαις, §3.78.3καὶ ταύταις ἐχρῆτο συνεχῶς μετατιθέμενος· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐσθῆτας μετελάμβανε τὰς καθηκούσας ἀεὶ ταῖς περιθεταῖς.
For, fearing the untrustworthiness of the Celts and plots against his life because of the recentness of his association with them, he prepared sets of false hair, suited to the distinctive appearances of different ages of life, and he used these, constantly changing them; likewise, he also kept changing his clothes to those always appropriate to the false hair he wore.
§3.78.4διʼ ὧν οὐ μόνον τοῖς αἰφνιδίως ἰδοῦσι δύσγνωστος ἦν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἐν συνηθείᾳ γεγονόσιν.
By these means, he was difficult to recognize not only for those who saw him suddenly, but even for those who were familiar with him.
§3.78.5θεωρῶν δὲ τοὺς Κελτοὺς δυσχεραίνοντας ἐπὶ τῷ τὸν πόλεμον ἐν τῇ παρʼ αὑτῶν χώρᾳ λαμβάνειν τὴν τριβήν, σπεύδοντας δὲ καὶ μετεώρους ὄντας εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν, προφάσει μὲν διὰ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ὀργήν, τὸ δὲ πλεῖον διὰ τὰς ὠφελείας, ἔκρινε τὴν ταχίστην ἀναζευγνύειν καὶ συνεκπληροῦν τὰς τῶν δυνάμεων ὁρμάς.
But seeing that the Celts were displeased at the war dragging on in their own territory, and were eager and excited to invade the enemy's country—ostensibly through anger against the Romans, but mostly for the sake of plunder—he decided to break camp as quickly as possible and satisfy the impulses of his forces.
§3.78.6διόπερ ἅμα τῷ τὴν ὥραν μεταβάλλειν πυνθανόμενος τῶν μάλιστα τῆς χώρας δοκούντων ἐμπειρεῖν τὰς μὲν ἄλλας ἐμβολὰς τὰς εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν μακρὰς εὕρισκε καὶ προδήλους τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, τὴν δὲ διὰ τῶν ἑλῶν εἰς Τυρρηνίαν φέρουσαν δυσχερῆ μὲν σύντομον δὲ καὶ παράδοξον φανησομένην τοῖς περὶ τὸν Φλαμίνιον.
Therefore, as soon as the season changed, on inquiring of those who seemed to know the country best, he found that the other passes into the enemy's country were long and obvious to the enemy, but that the route leading through the marshes into Tyrrhenia, though difficult, was short and would appear unexpected to Flaminius and his men.
§3.78.7ἀεὶ δέ πως οἰκεῖος ὢν τῇ φύσει τούτου τοῦ μέρους ταύτῃ προέθετο ποιεῖσθαι τὴν πορείαν.
As he was always somehow naturally inclined to this kind of strategy, he proposed to make his march by this route.
§3.78.8διαδοθείσης δὲ τῆς φήμης ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ διότι μέλλει διά τινων ἑλῶν ἄγειν αὐτοὺς ὁ στρατηγός, πᾶς τις εὐλαβῶς εἶχε πρὸς τὴν πορείαν, ὑφορώμενος βάραθρα καὶ
When the rumor spread in the camp that the general was going to lead them through certain marshes, everyone felt cautious about the march, suspecting bogs and

Notes

  1. §3.78.2ἁρμοζούσας — The present participle ἁρμοζούσας (feminine plural accusative) is used attributively to modify the preceding noun περιθετὰς τρίχας (false hair). The dative ταῖς ... ἐπιπρεπείαις is governed by this participle, meaning 'suited to...'
  2. §3.78.5τῷ τὸν πόλεμον ... λαμβάνειν τὴν τριβήν — The construction consists of the preposition ἐπὶ and the articular infinitive τῷ ... λαμβάνειν, expressing the cause of displeasure ('at the fact that...'). The accusative τὸν πόλεμον is the subject of the infinitive, and λαμβάνειν τὴν τριβήν is an idiomatic expression meaning 'to drag on' or 'to suffer delay.'
  3. §3.78.6τὴν δὲ ... φανησομένην — A future participle (feminine singular accusative) functioning as another object complement to the verb εὕρισκε (found). The omitted noun modified is ἐμβολήν (pass/route) from the previous clause, and the future tense of the participle φανησομένην expresses the expectation that this route 'would appear unexpected' to Flaminius and his men.
  4. §3.78.7τούτου τοῦ μέρους — The genitive noun phrase modifying the adjective οἰκεῖος (suited, naturally inclined). It abstractly refers to the 'domain' or 'character' of the aforementioned stratagems and unexpected maneuvers.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §3.78.1-3.78.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.78.1-3.78.8

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