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Polybius · The Histories §3.113.1-3.113.9

The Battle Formations of the Armies at Cannae

Passage 272 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Upon taking command, Gaius marshals the Roman force facing south, extending the infantry with unusually deep cohorts. Hannibal responds by leading his army across the river and forming a crescent-shaped line with the Iberians and Celts in the projecting center, while keeping the heavily armed Libyans on the wings as reserves.

§3.113.1ὁ δὲ Γάιος ἅμα τῷ παραλαβεῖν τῇ κατὰ πόδας ἡμέρᾳ τὴν ἀρχήν, ἄρτι τῆς κατὰ τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατολῆς ἐπιφαινομένης, ἐκίνει τὴν δύναμιν ἐξ ἑκατέρας ἅμα §3.113.2τῆς παρεμβολῆς καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἐκ τοῦ μείζονος χάρακος διαβιβάζων τὸν ποταμὸν εὐθέως παρενέβαλε, τοὺς δʼ ἐκ θατέρου συνάπτων τούτοις ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν εὐθεῖαν ἐξέταττε, λαμβάνων πᾶσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τὴν πρὸς μεσημβρίαν.
But Gaius, immediately upon taking command on the following day, just as the rising of the sun was appearing, moved his force from each simultaneously camp, and making those from the larger entrenchment cross the river, he immediately drew them up, and joining those from the other to these, he marshaled them on the same straight line, making the front of all face south.
§3.113.3τοὺς μὲν οὖν τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἱππεῖς παρʼ αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρατος κατέστησε, τοὺς δὲ πεζοὺς συνεχεῖς τούτοις ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς εὐθείας ἐξέτεινε, πυκνοτέρας ἢ πρόσθεν τὰς σημείας καθιστάνων, καὶ ποιῶν πολλαπλάσιον τὸ βάθος ἐν ταῖς σπείραις τοῦ μετώπου·
He stationed the Roman cavalry along the river itself on the right wing, and extended the infantry next to them on the same straight line, making the maniples closer together than before, and making the depth in the cohorts many times greater than the front.
§3.113.4τοὺς δὲ τῶν συμμάχων ἱππεῖς εἰς τὸ λαιὸν κέρας παρενέβαλε· πάσης δὲ τῆς δυνάμεως προέστησε τοὺς εὐζώνους ἐν ἀποστάσει.
And the cavalry of the allies he drew up on the left wing; and in front of the whole force he stationed the light-armed troops at a distance.
§3.113.5ἦσαν δὲ σὺν τοῖς συμμάχοις πεζῶν μὲν εἰς ὀκτὼ μυριάδας, ἱππεῖς δὲ μικρῷ πλείους τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων.
There were, including the allies, about eighty thousand infantry, and slightly more than six thousand cavalry.
§3.113.6Ἀννίβας δὲ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν τοὺς μὲν Βαλιαρεῖς καὶ λογχοφόρους διαβιβάσας τὸν ποταμὸν προεβάλετο τῆς δυνάμεως, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς ἐξαγαγὼν ἐκ τοῦ χάρακος καὶ περαιώσας κατὰ διττοὺς τόπους τὸ ῥεῖθρον ἀντετάττετο τοῖς πολεμίοις.
Hannibal, at the same time, having sent the Balearic islanders and the spear-throwers across the river, stationed them in front of his force, and leading the rest out of the camp and crossing the stream at two places, he drew them up opposite the enemy.
§3.113.7ἐτίθει δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτὸν μὲν τὸν ποταμόν, ἐπὶ τῶν εὐωνύμων, τοὺς Ἴβηρας καὶ Κελτοὺς ἱππεῖς ἀντίους τοῖς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἱππεῦσι, συνεχεῖς δὲ τούτοις πεζοὺς τοὺς ἡμίσεις τῶν ἐν τοῖς βαρέσι καθοπλισμοῖς Λιβύων, ἑξῆς δὲ τοῖς εἰρημένοις Ἴβηρας καὶ Κελτούς.
He stationed along the river itself, on the left wing, the Iberian and Celtic cavalry opposite the Roman cavalry, and next to them, half of the heavily armed Libyans as infantry, and next to those mentioned, the Iberians and Celts.
παρὰ δὲ τούτοις τὸ λοιπὸν μέρος ἔθηκε τῶν Λιβύων, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρως ἐπέταξε τοὺς Νομαδικοὺς ἱππεῖς.
Beside these he placed the remaining part of the Libyans, and on the right wing he posted the Numidian cavalry.
§3.113.8ἐπεὶ δὲ πάντʼ ἐπὶ μίαν εὐθεῖαν ἐξέτεινε, μετὰ ταῦτα λαβὼν τὰ μέσα τῶν Ἰβήρων καὶ Κελτῶν τάγματα προῆγε καὶ τἄλλα τούτοις ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ λόγον παρίστανε ζυγοῦντα, μηνοειδὲς ποιῶν τὸ κύρτωμα καὶ λεπτύνων τὸ τούτων αὐτῶν σχῆμα, §3.113.9βουλόμενος ἐφεδρείας μὲν τάξιν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τοὺς Λίβυας αὐτῶν ἔχειν, προκινδυνεῦσαι δὲ τοῖς Ἴβηρσι καὶ Κελτοῖς.
And when he had extended all on one straight line, after this, taking the central companies of the Iberians and Celts, he advanced them, and made the rest align with them proportionally, making the curve crescent-shaped and thinning the depth of this very formation of theirs, wishing the Libyans of his forces to hold the post of reserves in the battle, and the Iberians and Celts to face the danger first.

Notes

  1. §3.113.1ἅμα τῷ παραλαβεῖν — The conjunction ἅμα combined with the articular infinitive (τῷ παραλαβεῖν) to express temporal simultaneity ("at the same time as taking over").
  2. §3.113.3ποιῶν πολλαπλάσιον τὸ βάθος ἐν ταῖς σπείραις τοῦ μετώπου — The genitive τοῦ μετώπου serves as a genitive of comparison dependent on πολλαπλάσιον, meaning "making the depth in the cohorts many times greater than the front." This describes the unusual tactical choice of the Romans to increase their depth at Cannae.
  3. §3.113.8καὶ τἄλλα τούτοις ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ λόγον παρίστανε ζυγοῦντα — The participle ζυγοῦντα is used intransitively here ("to align/form ranks") and functions as a complement to παρίστανε ("to place beside"). τούτοις refers to the advanced Iberian and Celtic companies, and ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ λόγον means "proportionally" or "in gradation."
  4. §3.113.8λεπτύνων τὸ τούτων αὐτῶν σχῆμα — τούτων αὐτῶν ("of these very men") refers to the central Iberians and Celts just mentioned. The participle λεπτύνων ("thinning") describes how the depth of their formation was reduced as their center was advanced to project forward in a crescent shape.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §3.113.1-3.113.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.113.1-3.113.9

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