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Polybius · The Histories §15.4.1-15.4.12

Safe Return of Carthaginian Envoys and Publius' Honor

Passage 812 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Publius, while showing anger at the Carthaginian breach of faith, decided to send the Carthaginian ambassadors back to their country with utmost courtesy, prioritizing Roman honor and moral superiority over revenge.

§15.4.1Πόπλιος δὲ τὰ περὶ τὴν ναυτικὴν δύναμιν ἀσφαλισάμενος καὶ καταλιπὼν Βαίβιον ἀντιστράτηγον, αὐτὸς μὲν ἐπεπορεύετο τὰς πόλεις, §15.4.2οὐκέτι παραλαμβάνων εἰς τὴν πίστιν τοὺς ἐθελοντὴν σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐγχειρίζοντας, ἀλλὰ μετὰ βίας ἀνδραποδιζόμενος καὶ φανερὰν ποιῶν τὴν ὀργήν, ἣν εἶχε πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους διὰ τὴν Καρχηδονίων παρασπόνδησιν· §15.4.3πρὸς δὲ Μασαννάσαν διεπέμπετο συνεχῶς, ἀποδηλῶν αὐτῷ τίνα τρόπον παραβεβηκότες εἶεν οἱ Φοίνικες τὰς σπονδάς, καὶ παρακαλῶν ἁθροίζειν δύναμιν ὡς πλείστην καὶ συνάπτειν αὐτῷ κατὰ σπουδήν.
Publius, having secured the naval forces and left Baebius behind as propraetor, himself marched through the cities, no longer receiving under his protection those who voluntarily surrendered themselves, but enslaving them by force, and making manifest the anger he felt toward the enemy because of the Carthaginians' breach of the treaty; and he kept sending messages to Masinissa, making clear to him in what manner the Carthaginians had violated the treaty, and urging him to assemble as large a force as possible and join him with all speed.
§15.4.4ὁ γὰρ Μασαννάσας ἅμα τῷ γενέσθαι τὰς συνθήκας, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, εὐθέως ἀφώρμησε μετὰ τῆς ἰδίας δυνάμεως, προσλαβὼν δέκα σημαίας Ῥωμαϊκὰς ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν καὶ πρεσβευτὰς παρὰ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ, χάριν τοῦ μὴ μόνον τὴν πατρῴαν ἀρχὴν ἀπολαβεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν τοῦ Σόφακος προσκατακτήσασθαι διὰ τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἐπικουρίας· ὃ καὶ συνέβη γενέσθαι.
For Masinissa, as has been said before, had immediately set out with his own forces as soon as the treaty was made, taking with him ten Roman maniples of cavalry and infantry and ambassadors from the general, for the sake of not only recovering his ancestral dominion but also acquiring that of Syphax in addition through the assistance of the Romans; which indeed came to pass.
§15.4.5συνέτυχε δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἐκ Ῥώμης πρεσβευτὰς περὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς καιροὺς εἰς τὸν ναυτικὸν χάρακα τὸν τῶν Ῥωμαίων καταπλεῦσαι.
It happened also about the same time that the ambassadors from Rome arrived by sea at the Roman naval camp.
§15.4.6τοὺς μὲν οὖν παρʼ αὑτῶν ὁ Βαίβιος παραχρῆμα πρὸς τὸν Πόπλιον ἐξέπεμψε, τοὺς δὲ τῶν Καρχηδονίων παρακατεῖχε, τά τε λοιπὰ δυσθύμως διακειμένους καὶ νομίζοντας ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις εἶναι κινδύνοις· §15.4.7πυθόμενοι γὰρ τὴν γεγενημένην ἐκ τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἀσέβειαν πρὸς τοὺς τῶν Ῥωμαίων πρέσβεις, πρόδηλον ἐδόκουν εἶναι σφίσι τὴν ἐκ τούτων τιμωρίαν.
Baebius, therefore, immediately sent those of their own side to Publius, but detained those of the Carthaginians, who in all other respects were despondent and thought themselves to be in the greatest danger; for having heard of the impiety committed by the Carthaginians against the Roman ambassadors, they thought it was manifest that vengeance would fall upon them.
§15.4.8ὁ δὲ Πόπλιος, διακούσας τῶν παραγεγονότων ὅτι προθύμως ἥ τε σύγκλητος ὅ τε δῆμος ἀποδέξαιντο τὰς γενομένας διʼ αὑτοῦ συνθήκας πρὸς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους καὶ διότι πρὸς πᾶν τὸ παρακαλούμενον ἑτοίμως ἔχοιεν, ἐπὶ μὲν τούτοις ἔχαιρε μεγάλως, §15.4.9τοὺς δὲ τῶν Καρχηδονίων προσέταξε τῷ Βαιβίῳ μετὰ πάσης φιλανθρωπίας ἀποπέμπειν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν, πάνυ καλῶς βουλευσάμενος, ὥς γʼ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, καὶ φρονίμως.
Publius, having heard from those who had arrived that both the senate and the people had eagerly accepted the treaty made by him with the Carthaginians, and that they were ready to grant everything requested, rejoiced greatly at this; but as for the Carthaginian ambassadors, he ordered Baebius to send them back to their own country with every courtesy, having made, as it seems to me at least, a very noble and wise decision.
§15.4.10θεωρῶν γὰρ τὴν σφετέραν πατρίδα περὶ πλείστου ποιουμένην τὴν περὶ τοὺς πρεσβευτὰς πίστιν, ἐσκοπεῖτο παρʼ αὑτῷ συλλογιζόμενος οὐχ οὕτως τί δέον παθεῖν Καρχηδονίους, ὡς τί δέον ἦν πρᾶξαι Ῥωμαίους.
For seeing that his own country valued above all things the pledge given to ambassadors, he considered in his own mind, reflecting not so much on what the Carthaginians deserved to suffer, as on what it behoved the Romans to do.
§15.4.11διὸ παρακατασχὼν τὸν ἴδιον θυμὸν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς γεγονόσι πικρίαν, ἐπειράθη διαφυλάξαι, κατὰ τὴν παροιμίαν "πατέρων εὖ κείμενα ἔργα. " §15.4.12τοιγαροῦν καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ Καρχηδόνι πάντας ἥττησε ταῖς ψυχαῖς καὶ τὸν Ἀννίβαν αὐτόν, ὑπερθέμενος τῇ καλοκἀγαθίᾳ τὴν ἐκείνων ἄνοιαν.
Therefore, restraining his own anger and bitterness at what had occurred, he strove to preserve, according to the proverb, "the well-established deeds of our fathers." Consequently, he subdued the minds of everyone in Carthage, and even of Hannibal himself, by surpassing their folly with his own nobility of character.

Notes

  1. 15.4.4ὃ καὶ συνέβη γενέσθαι — The relative pronoun `ὅ` takes the entire content of the preceding infinitive clause expressing Masinissa's goal (`τὸ μὴ μόνον... προσκατακτήσασθαι`) as its antecedent and functions as the subject of the verb `συνέβη` (it happened). Literally, "which [acquisition] indeed happened to come about."
  2. 15.4.6τοὺς μὲν οὖν παρʼ αὑτῶν — The prepositional phrase `παρʼ αὑτῶν` ("from their own side") refers to the Roman ambassadors, in contrast to `τοὺς δὲ τῶν Καρχηδονίων` ("those of the Carthaginians"). This contrast highlights the different treatment Baebius accorded to the envoys of each camp who arrived at the same time.
  3. 15.4.7πρόδηλον ἐδόκουν εἶναι σφίσι τὴν ἐκ τούτων τιμωρίαν — The verb `ἐδόκουν` is third-person plural, with the Carthaginian ambassadors from the previous section as its subject. The accusative `τὴν ἐκ τούτων τιμωρίαν` is the subject of the infinitive `εἶναι`, forming a personal construction: literally, "they seemed to themselves that the vengeance resulting from these things was manifest" (i.e., they thought it was obvious that vengeance would fall upon them).
  4. 15.4.10οὐχ οὕτως τί δέον παθεῖν Καρχηδονίους, ὡς τί δέον ἦν πρᾶξαι Ῥωμαίους — The neuter participle `δέον` of the impersonal verb `δεῖ` is used in indirect questions with the omission of the copula (`εἴη` or `ἦν`). The contrast between `παθεῖν Καρχηδονίους` ("what the Carthaginians deserved to suffer") and `πρᾶξαι Ῥωμαίους` ("what the Romans ought to do") highlights Publius's moral priority of national honor over mere retaliation.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §15.4.1-15.4.12. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:15.4.1-15.4.12

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