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Polybius · The Histories §1.14.1-1.14.9

Bias in Philinus and Fabius and the Duty of the Historian

Passage 14 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The author explains that he is particularly attentive to the war in Sicily because previous historians, Philinus and Fabius, wrote biased accounts due to their patriotism, and he argues that a historian must set aside personal bias and evaluate events fairly based solely on the truth.

§1.14.1οὐχ ἧττον δὲ τῶν προειρημένων παρωξύνθην ἐπιστῆσαι τούτῳ τῷ πολέμῳ καὶ διὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐμπειρότατα δοκοῦντας γράφειν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ, Φιλῖνον καὶ Φάβιον, μὴ δεόντως ἡμῖν ἀπηγγελκέναι τὴν ἀλήθειαν.
But no less than the aforementioned, I was stimulated to pay attention to this war also because those who are thought to write about it with the greatest expertise, namely Philinus and Fabius, have not reported the truth to us as they ought.
§1.14.2ἑκόντας μὲν οὖν ἐψεῦσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας οὐχ ὑπολαμβάνω, στοχαζόμενος ἐκ τοῦ βίου καὶ τῆς αἱρέσεως αὐτῶν· δοκοῦσι δέ μοι πεπονθέναι τι παραπλήσιον τοῖς ἐρῶσι.
Now, I do not suppose that these men have lied deliberately, judging from their lives and principles; but they seem to me to have experienced something very similar to those in love.
§1.14.3διὰ γὰρ τὴν αἵρεσιν καὶ τὴν ὅλην εὔνοιαν Φιλίνῳ μὲν πάντα δοκοῦσιν οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι πεπρᾶχθαι φρονίμως, καλῶς, ἀνδρωδῶς, οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τἀναντία, Φαβίῳ δὲ τοὔμπαλιν τούτων.
For owing to their principles and entire bias, to Philinus indeed the Carthaginians seem to have done everything wisely, well, and courageously, and the Romans the contrary; while to Fabius, the reverse of this.
§1.14.4ἐν μὲν οὖν τῷ λοιπῷ βίῳ τὴν τοιαύτην ἐπιείκειαν ἴσως οὐκ ἄν τις ἐκβάλλοι· καὶ γὰρ φιλόφιλον εἶναι δεῖ τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ φιλόπατριν καὶ συμμισεῖν τοῖς φίλοις τοὺς ἐχθροὺς καὶ συναγαπᾶν τοὺς φίλους·
Now, in the rest of life, one would perhaps not reject such bias; for a good man ought to be a lover of his friends and of his country, and to hate his friends' enemies along with them, and to love their friends along with them.
§1.14.5ὅταν δὲ τὸ τῆς ἱστορίας ἦθος ἀναλαμβάνῃ τις, ἐπιλαθέσθαι χρὴ πάντων τῶν τοιούτων καὶ πολλάκις μὲν εὐλογεῖν καὶ κοσμεῖν τοῖς μεγίστοις ἐπαίνοις τοὺς ἐχθρούς, ὅταν αἱ πράξεις ἀπαιτῶσι τοῦτο, πολλάκις δʼ ἐλέγχειν καὶ ψέγειν ἐπονειδίστως τοὺς ἀναγκαιοτάτους, ὅταν αἱ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἁμαρτίαι τοῦθʼ ὑποδεικνύωσιν.
But whenever one assumes the character of history, one must forget all such things, and must often commend enemies and adorn them with the highest praise when their actions demand this, and on the other hand, must often expose and blame most severely even those who are nearest and dearest, whenever the errors of their conduct point to this.
§1.14.6ὥσπερ γὰρ ζῴου τῶν ὄψεων ἀφαιρεθεισῶν ἀχρειοῦται τὸ ὅλον, οὕτως ἐξ ἱστορίας ἀναιρεθείσης τῆς ἀληθείας τὸ καταλειπόμενον αὐτῆς ἀνωφελὲς γίνεται διήγημα.
For just as if the eyes are taken away from a living creature, the whole of it becomes useless, so if truth is removed from history, what is left of it becomes an unprofitable narrative.
§1.14.7διόπερ οὔτε τῶν φίλων κατηγορεῖν οὔτε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἐπαινεῖν ὀκνητέον, οὔτε δὲ τοὺς αὐτοὺς ψέγειν, ποτὲ δʼ ἐγκωμιάζειν εὐλαβητέον, ἐπειδὴ τοὺς ἐν πράγμασιν ἀναστρεφομένους οὔτʼ εὐστοχεῖν αἰεὶ δυνατὸν οὔθʼ ἁμαρτάνειν συνεχῶς εἰκός.
Therefore, one must neither hesitate to accuse friends nor to praise enemies, nor again must one avoid blaming and at other times eulogizing the same persons, since it is neither possible for those engaged in active life to be always successful, nor is it likely that they should always err.
§1.14.8ἀποστάντας οὖν τῶν πραττόντων αὐτοῖς τοῖς πραττομένοις ἐφαρμοστέον τὰς πρεπούσας ἀποφάσεις καὶ διαλήψεις ἐν τοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν.
So, setting aside the actors, one must apply the fitting judgments and evaluations to the actions themselves in one's memoirs.
§1.14.9ὡς δʼ ἔστιν ἀληθῆ τὰ νῦν ὑφʼ
And that what is now [said by us] is true...

Notes

  1. 1.14.1τῶν προειρημένων — Genitive of comparison. It refers to 'the importance of the First Punic War and the significance of comparing the two constitutions' discussed in the preceding section (13.11–13).
  2. 1.14.1διὰ τὸ ... μὴ δεόντως ἡμῖν ἀπηγγελκέναι τὴν ἀλήθειαν — An articular perfect infinitive clause (τὸ ... ἀπηγγελκέναι) governed by the preposition διά expressing cause. The accusative subject of this infinitive is Φιλῖνον καὶ Φάβιον (Philinus and Fabius), which is qualified appositively by the participle phrase τοὺς ἐμπειρότατα δοκοῦντας γράφειν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ (those who are thought to write about it with the greatest expertise).
  3. 1.14.3Φιλίνῳ μὲν πάντα δοκοῦσιν οἱ Καρχηδονίοι πεπρᾶχθαι — A personal construction of the verb δοκέω with the dative of judgment Φιλίνῳ (to Philinus). The subject is οἱ Καρχηδονίοι, combined with the passive perfect infinitive πεπρᾶχθαι, meaning 'the Carthaginians seem to have done everything...'. In the latter half, Φαβίῳ δὲ τοὔμπαλιν τούτων, a similar structure is omitted, meaning 'while to Fabius, the reverse of these things [sc. seems to have been done]'.
  4. 1.14.5τοὺς ἀναγκαιοτάτους — Meaning 'those who are nearest and dearest' or 'one's kinsmen/compatriots.' While the adjective ἀναγκαῖος typically means 'necessary' or 'indispensable,' it is used here to denote those bound by close ties of blood, friendship, or common citizenship.
  5. 1.14.6ζῴου τῶν ὄψεων ἀφαιρεθεισῶν — τῶν ὄψεων ἀφαιρεθεισῶν (when the eyes are taken away) is a genitive absolute construction. ζῴου is a genitive of separation (from a living creature) associated with the passive participle ἀφαιρεθεισῶν from the verb ἀφαιρέω (to take away).
  6. 1.14.7οὔτε δὲ τοὺς αὐτοὺς ψέγειν, ποτὲ δʼ ἐγκωμιάζειν εὐλαβητέον — The verbal adjective εὐλαβητέον (one must avoid/guard against) is negated by the particle οὔτε (nor) at the beginning of the clause. Thus, the whole phrase means 'nor must one avoid blaming and at other times praising the same people,' emphasizing the historian's duty of impartial evaluation.
  7. 1.14.8ἀποστάντας ... ἐφαρμοστέον ... — An impersonal construction of the verbal adjective ἐφαρμοστέον, where the logical subject (the agent) is expressed by the accusative plural participle ἀποστάντας (having set aside/departed from).

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §1.14.1-1.14.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.14.1-1.14.9

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