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Pausanias · Description of Greece §4.13.1-4.13.7

Suicide of Aristodemus and End of the First Messenian War

Passage 153 of 465 · Greek

Summary

Despaired by ominous signs and the suicide of Aristodemus, and after losing their generals, the Messenians abandon Mt. Ithome, bringing the twenty-year First Messenian War to an end.

§4.13.1τὰ δὲ ἐντεῦθεν—ἔρρεπε γὰρ ἤδη τὸ χρεὼν ἐς ἅλωσιν τῶν Μεσσηνίων—προεσήμαινεν αὐτοῖς τὰ μέλλοντα ὁ θεός.
Thereafter—for destiny was already inclining toward the capture of the Messenians—the god foretold to them the future.
τό τε γὰρ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἄγαλμα, ὂν χαλκοῦν καὶ αὐτὸ καὶ τὰ ὅπλα, παρῆκε τὴν ἀσπίδα· καὶ Ἀριστοδήμου τῷ Διὶ τῷ Ἰθωμάτᾳ θύειν μέλλοντος τὰ ἱερεῖα, οἱ κριοὶ ἐπὶ τὸν βωμὸν αὐτόματοι καὶ βίᾳ τὰ κέρατα ἐνράξαντες ἀποθνήσκουσιν ὑπὸ τῆς πληγῆς.
For the statue of Artemis, being itself of bronze as well as its weapons, let go of its shield; and when Aristodemus was about to sacrifice the victims to Ithomaian Zeus, the rams, of their own accord, having violently dashed their horns against the altar, died from the blow.
τρίτον δὲ ἄλλο συνέβη σφίσιν· οἱ κύνες συνιόντες ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ ἀνὰ πᾶσαν νύκτα ὠρύοντο, τέλος δὲ καὶ ἀπεχώρησαν ἀθρόοι πρὸς τὸ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατόπεδον.
A third other thing happened to them: the dogs, gathering together in the same place every night, howled, and finally departed in a pack toward the camp of the Lacedaemonians.
§4.13.2ταῦτά τε δὴ τὸν Ἀριστόδημον ἐτάρασσε καὶ ὀνείρατος ὄψις ἐπιγενομένη τοιάδε.
These things indeed troubled Aristodemus, and a vision of a dream that followed was of this sort.
ἔδοξεν ἐξιέναι οἱ μέλλοντι ἐς μάχην καὶ ὡπλισμένῳ τῶν ἱερείων τὰ σπλάγχνα ἐπὶ τραπέζῃ προκεῖσθαι, τὴν δέ οἱ θυγατέρα ἐπιφανῆναι μέλαιναν ἐσθῆτα ἔχουσαν καὶ φαίνουσαν τό τε στέρνον καὶ τὴν γαστέρα ἀνατετμημένα, ἀναφανεῖσαν δὲ ἀπορρῖψαι μὲν τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης, ἀφελέσθαι δὲ αὐτοῦ τὰ ὅπλα, ἀντὶ τούτων δὲ στέφανον ἐπιθεῖναι χρυσοῦν καὶ ἱμάτιον ἐπιβαλεῖν λευκόν.
It seemed to him, as he was about to go out to battle and was armed, that the entrails of the victims lay before him on a table, and that his daughter appeared to him wearing a black garment and showing both her breast and her belly ripped open, and having appeared, she threw away the things from the table, took away his weapons, and instead of these, placed a golden crown upon him and threw a white cloak around him.
§4.13.3ἔχοντος δὲ Ἀριστοδήμου τά τε ἄλλα ἀθύμως καὶ τὸν ὄνειρον ἡγουμένου προλέγειν οἱ τοῦ βίου τελευτήν, ὅτι οἱ Μεσσήνιοι τῶν ἐπιφανῶν τὰς ἐκφορὰς ἐποιοῦντο ἐστεφανωμένων καὶ ἱμάτια ἐπιβεβλημένων λευκά, ἀπαγγέλλει τις Ὀφιονέα τὸν μάντιν οὐχ ὁρᾶν ἔτι ἀλλʼ ἐξαίφνης γενέσθαι τυφλόν, ὥσπερ γε καὶ ἦν τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς.
While Aristodemus was despondent in other respects and believed that the dream foretold the end of his life—because the Messenians conducted the funerals of distinguished citizens crowned and wrapped in white cloaks—someone reported that Ophioneus the seer no longer saw but had suddenly become blind, just as he had been from the beginning.
συνιᾶσι δὴ καὶ τοῦ χρησμοῦ τότε, ὡς τοὺς ἀναδύντας δύο ἐκ τοῦ λόχου καὶ ἐς τὸ χρεὼν αὖθις ἐλθόντας τοῦ Ὀφιονέως τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς εἶπεν ἡ Πυθία.
Then indeed they also understood the oracle, that the Pythia meant the eyes of Ophioneus as the two that emerged from the ambush and returned again to destiny.
§4.13.4ἐνταῦθα Ἀριστόδημος τά τε οἰκεῖα ἀναλογιζόμενος, ὡς οὐδὲν ὠφέλιμον γένοιτο φονεὺς θυγατρός, καὶ τῇ πατρίδι οὐχ ὁρῶν ἔτι ὑποῦσαν σωτηρίας ἐλπίδα, ἐπικατέσφαξεν ἑαυτὸν τῆς παιδὸς τῷ τάφῳ, τὰ μὲν ἐς ἀνθρώπου λογισμὸν ἥκοντα Μεσσηνίους σώσας, τῆς τύχης δὲ ἐς τὸ μηδὲν ἀγαγούσης τά τε ἔργα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ βουλεύματα.
Thereupon Aristodemus, reflecting upon his family affairs, how he had become the slayer of his daughter to no avail, and seeing no hope of safety still remaining for his country, slew himself upon his child's tomb, having, as far as human calculation went, saved the Messenians, though fortune brought both his deeds and his plans to nothing.
ἀπέθανε δὲ βασιλεύσας ἔτη τε ἓξ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἑβδόμου μῆνας ἐπιλαβὼν οὐ πολλούς.
He died after having reigned six years and a few months into the seventh.
§4.13.5τοῖς δὲ Μεσσηνίοις ἀπεγνωκέναι τὰ πράγματα παρίστατο, ὥστε καὶ ὥρμησαν ἱκεσίαν ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἀποστέλλειν· οὕτω σφόδρα κατέπληξεν αὐτοὺς ἡ τοῦ Ἀριστοδήμου τελευτή.
The Messenians were inclined to despair of their affairs, so that they even set out to send a supplication to the Lacedaemonians; so greatly did the death of Aristodemus dismay them.
καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ὁ θυμὸς ἐπέσχεν αὐτοὺς μὴ ποιῆσαι· συλλεγέντες δὲ ἐς ἐκκλησίαν βασιλέα μὲν οὐδένα, Δᾶμιν δὲ στρατηγὸν αὐτοκράτορα εἵλοντο.
And their spirit indeed restrained them from doing this; and having gathered into an assembly, they chose no king, but elected Damis as general with absolute power.
ὁ δὲ Κλέοννίν τε αὑτῷ καὶ Φυλέα ἑλόμενος συνάρχοντας παρεσκευάζετο ὡς καὶ ἐκ τῶν παρόντων συνάψων μάχην· ἐπηνάγκαζε γὰρ ἥ τε πολιορκία καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ὁ λιμὸς καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ δέος, μὴ καὶ προδιαφθαρῶσιν ὑπὸ ἐνδείας.
And he, having chosen Cleonnis and Phyleus as his colleagues, prepared to join battle even under the present circumstances; for they were compelled by the siege and, not least, by the famine, and the fear arising from it lest they should perish beforehand from want.
§4.13.6ἀρετῇ μὲν δὴ καὶ τολμήμασιν οὐδὲ τότε ἀπεδέησε τὰ τῶν Μεσσηνίων· ἀπέθανον δὲ οἵ τε στρατηγοί σφισιν ἅπαντες καὶ τῶν ἄλλων οἱ λόγου μάλιστα ἄξιοι.
In courage indeed and daring deeds, the affairs of the Messenians were not lacking even then; but all their generals died, as well as those of the others who were most worthy of mention.
τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου μῆνας μέν που πέντε μάλιστα ἀντέσχον, περὶ δὲ τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν λήγοντα ἐξέλιπον τὴν Ἰθώμην, πολεμήσαντες ἔτη τὰ πάντα εἴκοσι, καθὰ καὶ Τυρταίῳ πεποιημένα ἐστίν· " εἰκοστῷ δʼ οἱ μὲν κατὰ πίονα ἔργα λιπόντες φεῦγον Ἰθωμαίων ἐκ μεγάλων ὀρέων.
After this, they held out for about five months at most, and around the end of the year they abandoned Ithome, having waged war for twenty years in all, just as has been written in verse by Tyrtaeus: "And in the twentieth year they, leaving their rich fields, fled from the great mountains of Ithome.
" §4.13.7ὁ δὲ πόλεμος ἔλαβεν οὗτος τέλος ἔτει πρώτῳ τῆς τετάρτης καὶ δεκάτης Ὀλυμπιάδος, ἣν Δάσμων Κορίνθιος ἐνίκα στάδιον, Ἀθήνῃσι Μεδοντιδῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔτι ἐχόντων τὴν δεκέτιν καὶ ἔτους Ἱππομένει τετάρτου τῆς ἀρχῆς ἠνυσμένου.
"This war reached its end in the first year of the fourteenth Olympiad, in which Dasmon of Corinth won the stade-race, while at Athens the Medontidae still held their decennial rule, and the fourth year of the rule of Hippomenes had been completed.

Notes

  1. §4.13.2ἔδοξεν ἐξιέναι οἱ μέλλοντι — The impersonal verb ἔδοξεν takes the dative pronoun οἱ (an indirect reflexive referring to Aristodemus himself) and the agreeing dative participle μέλλοντι. In this construction of dreaming ('it seemed to him'), the experiencer of the dream is expressed in the dative.
  2. §4.13.3ὡς τοὺς ἀναδύντας δύο ἐκ τοῦ λόχου καὶ ἐς τὸ χρεὼν αὖθις ἐλθόντας τοῦ Ὀφιονέως τοὺς ὀφθαλμὺς εἶπεν ἡ Πυθία — The main clause within the ὡς-clause is εἶπεν ἡ Πυθία ('the Pythia meant'). The direct object is τοῦ Ὀφιονέως τοὺς ὀφθαλμὺς ('the eyes of Ophioneus'), while the preceding τοὺς ἀναδύντας... is an accusative phrase quoting the expression from the previous oracle (4.12.4), standing in apposition to the object.
  3. §4.13.4τὰ μὲν ἐς ἀνθρώπου λογισμὸν ἥκοντα — This phrase is an accusative absolute (or adverbial accusative) meaning 'as far as human calculation went,' which is contrasted via μὲν... δέ with the subsequent genitive absolute clause τῆς τύχης δὲ ἐς τὸ μηδὲν ἀγαγούσης... ('but fortune bringing to nothing...').

Cite this passage

Pausanias, Description of Greece §4.13.1-4.13.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.13.1-4.13.7

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