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Pausanias · Description of Greece §2.35.6-2.35.11

Sacrifice to Demeter Chthonia and Nearby Sanctuaries

Passage 98 of 465 · Greek

Summary

The author details the specific ritual of sacrificing four cows by four old women inside the temple of Demeter Chthonia, followed by a description of the surrounding sanctuaries of Clymenus, Ares, and Eileithyia, and local legends connected to the underworld.

§2.35.6τοῖς δὲ τὴν πομπὴν πέμπουσιν ἕπονται τελείαν ἐξ ἀγέλης βοῦν ἄγοντες διειλημμένην δεσμοῖς τε καὶ ὑβρίζουσαν ἔτι ὑπὸ ἀγριότητος.
Those who conduct the procession are followed by men bringing a full-grown cow from the herd, bound with ropes and still violent from wildness.
ἐλάσαντες δὲ πρὸς τὸν ναὸν οἱ μὲν ἔσω φέρεσθαι τὴν βοῦν ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀνῆκαν ἐκ τῶν δεσμῶν, ἕτεροι δὲ ἀναπεπταμένας ἔχοντες τέως τὰς θύρας, ἐπειδὰν τὴν βοῦν ἴδωσιν ἐντὸς τοῦ ναοῦ, προσέθεσαν τὰς θύρας.
Having driven her to the temple, some release the cow from her bonds so that she may rush inside into the sanctuary, while others, who up to this time had the doors held wide open, shut the doors as soon as they see the cow inside the temple.
§2.35.7τέσσαρες δὲ ἔνδον ὑπολειπόμεναι γρᾶες, αὗται τὴν βοῦν εἰσιν αἱ κατεργαζόμεναι· δρεπάνῳ γὰρ ἥτις ἂν τύχῃ τὴν φάρυγγα ὑπέτεμε τῆς βοός.
Four old women left behind inside are the ones who slaughter the cow; for whichever of them happens to do so slits the throat of the cow with a sickle.
μετὰ δὲ αἱ θύραι τε ἠνοίχθησαν καὶ προσελαύνουσιν οἷς ἐπιτέτακται βοῦν δευτέραν καὶ τρίτην ἐπὶ ταύτῃ καὶ ἄλλην τετάρτην.
Afterward, the doors are opened, and those who have been appointed drive in a second and a third cow after this, and another, a fourth.
κατεργάζονταί τε δὴ πάσας κατὰ ταὐτὰ αἱ γρᾶες καὶ τόδε ἄλλο πρόσκειται τῇ θυσίᾳ θαῦμα· ἐφʼ ἥντινα γὰρ ἂν πέσῃ τῶν πλευρῶν ἡ πρώτη βοῦς, ἀνάγκη πεσεῖν καὶ πάσας.
The old women indeed slaughter them all in the same manner, and another marvel is attached to this sacrifice: for onto whichever of her sides the first cow falls, it is necessary that all the others also fall on that same side.
§2.35.8θυσία μὲν δρᾶται τοῖς Ἑρμιονεῦσι τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον·
The sacrifice is performed by the Hermionians in the manner described.
πρὸ δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ γυναικῶν ἱερασαμένων τῇ Δήμητρι εἰκόνες ἑστήκασιν οὐ πολλαί, καὶ παρελθόντι ἔσω θρόνοι τέ εἰσιν, ἐφʼ ὧν αἱ γρᾶες ἀναμένουσιν ἐσελαθῆναι καθʼ ἑκάστην τῶν βοῶν, καὶ ἀγάλματα οὐκ ἄγαν ἀρχαῖα Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ Δημήτηρ.
In front of the temple stand a few statues of women who have served as priestesses to Demeter, and for one who has gone inside, there are seats on which the old women wait for each of the cows to be driven in, and statues, not very ancient, of Athena and Demeter.
αὐτὸ δὲ ὃ σέβουσιν ἐπὶ πλέον ἢ τἄλλα, ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ εἶδον, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἀνὴρ ἄλλος οὔτε ξένος οὔτε Ἑρμιονέων αὐτῶν· μόναι δὲ ὁποῖόν τί ἐστιν αἱ γρᾶες ἴστωσαν.
But the object itself which they revere more than the rest, I indeed have not seen, nor indeed has any other man, either stranger or of the Hermionians themselves; let only the old women know what sort of thing it is.
§2.35.9ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλος ναός· εἰκόνες δὲ περὶ πάντα ἑστήκασιν αὐτόν.
There is also another temple, and statues stand all around it.
οὗτος ὁ ναός ἐστιν ἀπαντικρὺ τοῦ τῆς Χθονίας, καλεῖται δὲ Κλυμένου, καὶ τῷ Κλυμένῳ θύουσιν ἐνταῦθα.
This temple is opposite that of Chthonia, and it is called the temple of Clymenus, and they sacrifice to Clymenus there.
Κλύμενον δὲ οὐκ ἄνδρα Ἀργεῖον ἐλθεῖν ἔγωγε ἐς Ἑρμιόνα ἡγοῦμαι, τοῦ θεοῦ δέ ἐστιν ἐπίκλησις, ὅντινα ἔχει λόγος βασιλέα ὑπὸ γῆν εἶναι.
For my part, I do not think that Clymenus was an Argive man who came to Hermione, but it is a surname of the god who, story has it, is king under the earth.
§2.35.10παρὰ μὲν δὴ τοῦτόν ἐστιν ἄλλος ναὸς καὶ ἄγαλμα Ἄρεως, τοῦ δὲ τῆς Χθονίας ἐστὶν ἱεροῦ στοὰ κατὰ τὴν δεξιάν, Ἠχοῦς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων καλουμένη·
Beside this one, indeed, is another temple and a statue of Ares.
φθεγξαμένῳ δὲ ἀνδρὶ τὰ ὀλίγιστα ἐς τρὶς ἀντιβοῆσαι πέφυκεν.
And to the right of the sanctuary of Chthonia is a portico, called Echo by the locals; when a man speaks, it is its nature to echo back at least three times.
ὄπισθεν δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ τῆς Χθονίας χωρία ἐστὶν ἃ καλοῦσιν Ἑρμιονεῖς τὸ μὲν Κλυμένου, τὸ δὲ Πλούτωνος, τὸ τρίτον δὲ αὐτῶν λίμνην Ἀχερουσίαν.
Behind the temple of Chthonia are places which the Hermionians call, one indeed the place of Clymenus, another that of Pluto, and the third of them the Acherusian Lake.
περιείργεται μὲν δὴ πάντα θριγκοῖς λίθων, ἐν δὲ τῷ τοῦ Κλυμένου καὶ γῆς χάσμα· διὰ τούτου δὲ Ἡρακλῆς ἀνῆγε τοῦ Ἅιδου τὸν κύνα κατὰ τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὸ Ἑρμιονέων.
They are all indeed enclosed by stone copings, and in that of Clymenus there is also a chasm of the earth; through this, Heracles brought up the dog of Hades, according to what is said by the Hermionians.
§2.35.11πρὸς δὲ τῇ πύλῃ, καθʼ ἣν ὁδὸς εὐθεῖά ἐστιν ἄγουσα ἐπὶ Μάσητα, Εἰλειθυίας ἐστὶν ἐντὸς τοῦ τείχους ἱερόν.
Near the gate, by which the straight road leads to Mases, is a sanctuary of Eileithyia inside the wall.
ἄλλως μὲν δὴ κατὰ ἡμέραν ἑκάστην καὶ θυσίαις καὶ θυμιάμασι μεγάλως τὴν θεὸν ἱλάσκονται καὶ ἀναθήματα δίδοται πλεῖστα τῇ Εἰλειθυίᾳ· τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα οὐδενὶ πλὴν εἰ μὴ ἄρα ταῖς ἱερείαις ἔστιν ἰδεῖν.
In general, indeed, on each day they greatly propitiate the goddess with sacrifices and incense, and very many votive offerings are given to Eileithyia; but the statue is not allowed for anyone to see, except perhaps the priestesses.

Notes

  1. 2.35.6ἔσω φέρεσθαι τὴν βοῦν ἐς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀνῆκαν — The infinitive φέρεσθαι is middle-passive in voice, meaning 'to rush' or 'to fling oneself.' It functions as an infinitive of purpose or result depending on the main verb ἀνῆκαν (aorist of ἀνίημι), meaning 'they released the cow so that she might rush inside the sanctuary.'
  2. 2.35.7ἥτις ἂν τύχῃ — A conditional relative clause where the relative pronoun ἥτις is followed by ἄν + subjunctive τύχῃ. A supplementary participle of τυγχάνω (such as ἐγγὺς οὖσα, 'being near', or τέμνουσα, 'cutting') is omitted, representing a general practice: 'whichever of them happens to be the one to do it.'
  3. 2.35.8παρελθόντι — An aorist active participle of παρέρχομαι in the masculine singular dative. It functions as a dative of reference or relation, equivalent to a conditional clause ('if one goes inside, there are...'), a common idiom in travel and geographical descriptions to orient the reader.
  4. 2.35.10τὰ ὀλίγιστα — The neuter plural accusative of the superlative adjective ὀλίγιστος, used adverbially. It functions as a restrictive phrase meaning 'at least' (literally, 'the fewest things').
  5. 2.35.11οὐδενὶ πλὴν εἰ μὴ ἄρα ταῖς ἱερείαις ἔστιν ἰδεῖν — A construction where the impersonal/potential verb ἔστιν is used with the infinitive ἰδεῖν and the dative of interest/agent οὐδενὶ, meaning 'it is not possible for anyone to see.' The double negative/exceptive phrase πλὴν εἰ μή ('except if not/except') paired with the particle ἄρα ('perhaps/indeed') underscores that no one but the priestesses is allowed to see it.

Cite this passage

Pausanias, Description of Greece §2.35.6-2.35.11. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.35.6-2.35.11

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