Pausanias · Description of Greece §10.20.6-10.20.9
Galatian Crossing of the Spercheius and Assault on Heracleia
Summary
As the Galatian army approaches, the Greek coalition attempts to defend the Spercheius River by destroying the bridges, but is forced to retreat when a detachment of Galatians swims across the marshy waters. Brennus has the river bridged and advances to attack Heracleia, which successfully resists capture due to the defense by the Aetolian League.
§10.20.6τοῖς δὲ ἐς Θερμοπύλας ἀθροισθεῖσιν Ἑλλήνων, ὡς ἐπύθοντο περί τε Μαγνησίαν καὶ γῆν τὴν Φθιῶτιν ὄντα ἤδη τῶν Γαλατῶν τὸν στρατόν, ἔδοξεν ἤδη ψιλούς τε ἐς χιλίους καὶ τὴν ἵππον ἀπολέξαντας ἀποστεῖλαι σφᾶς ἐπὶ τὸν Σπερχειόν, ἵνα μηδὲ τὸν ποταμὸν διαβῆναι τοῖς βαρβάροις ἄνευ ἀγῶνός τε καὶ κινδύνων ἐγγένηται.
To those of the Greeks who had assembled at Thermopylae, when they learned that the army of the Galatians was already in Magnesia and the Phthiotic land, it seemed best to choose immediately up to a thousand light-armed men and the cavalry and send them to the Spercheius, so that it might not even be possible for the barbarians to cross the river without a struggle and dangers.
οἱ δὲ ἐλθόντες τὰς γεφύρας τε καταλύουσι καὶ αὐτοὶ παρὰ τὴν ὄχθην ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο.
And those who went destroyed the bridges and themselves encamped along the bank.
ἦν δὲ οὐδὲ ὁ Βρέννος οὔτε πάντα ἀσύνετος οὔτε ἀπείρως εἶχεν ὡς ἄν τις βάρβαρος σοφίσματα ἐς πολεμίους ἐξευρεῖν.
Nor was Brennus entirely senseless, nor was he, for a barbarian, inexperienced in devising plans against enemies.
§10.20.7εὐθὺς οὖν τῇ ἐπιούσῃ νυκτί, οὐ καθότι ἦν τὰ ἀρχαῖα τῷ ποταμῷ ζεύγματα ἀλλὰ ἐς τὸ κάτω, ὡς μή τις τοῖς Ἕλλησι διαβαινόντων γένοιτο αἴσθησις, καὶ ᾗ μάλιστα ὁ Σπερχειὸς διεχεῖτο ἐς πλέον τοῦ πεδίου καὶ ἕλος τε ἐποίει καὶ λίμνην ἀντὶ βιαίου καὶ στενοῦ ῥεύματος, κατὰ τοῦτο ὁ Βρέννος ὅσον μυρίους τῶν Γαλατῶν ἀπέστειλεν, ὁπόσοι τε νεῖν ἠπίσταντο ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ ὅστις τῷ μήκει τοῦ σώματος ἐτύγχανεν ὢν ὑπὲρ τοὺς πολλούς· εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλλως οἱ Κελτοὶ μακρῷ πάντας ὑπερηρκότες μήκει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους.
Immediately, therefore, on the following night, not where the ancient bridges of the river were, but lower down, so that no perception of those crossing might happen to the Greeks, and where the Spercheius spread out most into more of the plain and made both a marsh and a lake instead of a violent and narrow stream, at this point Brennus sent about ten thousand of the Galatians—as many of them as knew how to swim, and whoever happened to be superior to the many in the height of his body; and indeed, the Celts are otherwise far superior in height to all other men.
§10.20.8οὗτοι οὖν διαβαίνουσιν ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ διανηχόμενοι ὧδε τὸ λιμνῶδες τοῦ ποταμοῦ· τὰ ὅπλα, τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους θυρεούς, ἐποιεῖτο ἕκαστος ἀντὶ σχεδίας, οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν μήκιστοι διελθεῖν ἐμβαδὸν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐδυνήθησαν.
These then crossed during the night, swimming across the marshy part of the river in this way: each made his weapons, their native shields, instead of a raft, and the tallest of them were able to cross the water on foot.
οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες οἱ ἐπὶ τῷ Σπερχειῷ —πυνθάνονται γὰρ ὅτι κατὰ τὸ ἕλος διέβη μοῖρα τῶν βαρβάρων—αὐτίκα ἐς τὸ στράτευμα ἀναχωροῦσι, Βρέννος δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον οἰκοῦσι ζευγνύναι τὸν Σπερχειὸν ἐπέτασσεν· οἱ δὲ ἤνυον τὸ ἔργον σπουδῇ, τῷ τε ἐκείνου δέει καὶ ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς χώρας σφίσιν ἐπιθυμοῦντες τοὺς βαρβάρους μηδὲ ἐπὶ πλέον κακουργεῖν μένοντας.
But the Greeks on the Spercheius—for they learned that a part of the barbarians had crossed by the marsh—immediately retreated to the army, and Brennus ordered those living around the Maliac Gulf to bridge the Spercheius; and they accomplished the work with haste, both from fear of him and wishing the barbarians to depart from their territory and not do more harm by staying.
§10.20.9ὁ δὲ ὡς κατὰ τὰς γεφύρας διεβίβασε τὴν στρατιάν, ἐχώρει πρὸς τὴν Ἡράκλειαν· καὶ διήρπασαν μὲν τὰ ἐκ τῆς χώρας οἱ Γαλάται καὶ ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐγκαταληφθέντας ἐφόνευσαν, τὴν πόλιν δὲ οὐχ εἷλον.
And when he had led his army across by the bridges, he marched towards Heracleia; and the Galatians plundered the things from the territory and killed the men who were caught in the fields, but did not take the city.
ἔτει γὰρ πρότερον τούτων οἱ Αἰτωλοὶ συντελεῖν τοὺς Ἡρακλεώτας ἠνάγκασαν ἐς τὸ Αἰτωλικόν· τότε οὖν ἠμύνοντο ὡς περὶ πόλεως οὐδέν τι Ἡρακλεώταις μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ αὑτοῖς προσηκούσης.
For a year before this, the Aetolians had forced the Heracleots to contribute to the Aetolian league; so then they defended it as if concerning a city belonging no more to the Heracleots than to themselves.
ἦν δὲ καὶ τῷ Βρέννῳ τὰ μὲν Ἡρακλεωτῶν ἐλάσσονος φροντίδος, ἀγώνισμα δὲ ἐποιεῖτο ἐξελάσαι τε ἐκ τῶν στενῶν τοὺς ἀντικαθημένους καὶ παρελθεῖν ἐς τὴν ἐντὸς Θερμοπυλῶν Ἑλλάδα.
And to Brennus also the affairs of the Heracleots were of less concern, but he made it his main effort to drive those opposing him out of the pass and to advance into Greece within Thermopylae.
Notes
- 10.20.6ὡς ἄν τις βάρβαρος — A limiting expression meaning "for a barbarian" or "as a barbarian would." The particle ἄν with ὡς introduces a tone of hypothetical generality or expectation ("as much as one might expect of a barbarian").
- 10.20.7διαβαινόντων — Genitive plural of the present participle. The head noun is omitted, so it functions substantively as "of those crossing (the river)." Alternatively, it can be seen as a genitive absolute with an omitted subject, but either way it refers to the crossing Galatians.
- 10.20.9ὡς περὶ πόλεως ... προσηκούσης — The conjunction ὡς with the participle προσηκούσης (genitive feminine singular, agreeing with πόλεως) expresses a subjective reason or assumption ("as if / on the ground that..."). It modifies the prepositional phrase περὶ πόλεως, meaning "as if concerning a city that belonged no more to the Heracleots than to themselves (the Aetolians)."
Cite this passage
Pausanias, Description of Greece §10.20.6-10.20.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:10.20.6-10.20.9
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