§8.1.3Ἔφορος μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴν εἶναι τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὴν Ἀκαρνανίαν φησὶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων μερῶν· ταύτην γὰρ συνάπτειν πρώτην τοῖς Ἠπειρωτικοῖς ἔθνεσιν.
Ephorus, then, says that, starting from the western parts, Acarnania is the beginning of Greece; for [he says] this is the first to border on the Epirote nations.
ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ οὗτος τῇ παραλίᾳ μέτρῳ χρώμενος ἐντεῦθεν ποιεῖται τὴν ἀρχήν, ἡγεμονικόν τι τὴν θάλατταν κρίνων πρὸς τὰς τοπογραφίας, ἐπεὶ ἄλλως γʼ ἐνεχώρει κατὰ τὴν Μακεδόνων καὶ Θετταλῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀποφαίνεσθαι τῆς Ἑλλάδος· οὕτω καὶ ἡμῖν προσήκει ἀκολουθοῦσι τῇ φύσει τῶν τόπων σύμβουλον ποιεῖσθαι τὴν θάλατταν.
But just as he, using the coastline as his measure, makes his beginning from there, judging the sea to be a sort of guiding principle for topographies—since otherwise it was indeed possible to declare the beginning of Greece according to [the country of] the Macedonians and Thessalians—so it is also fitting for us, who follow the nature of the places, to make the sea our guide.
αὕτη δʼ ἐκ τοῦ Σικελικοῦ πελάγους προσπεσοῦσα τῇ μὲν ἀναχεῖται πρὸς τὸν Κορινθιακὸν κόλπον, τῇ δʼ ἀποτελεῖ χερρόνησον μεγάλην τὴν Πελοπόννησον, ἰσθμῷ στενῷ κλειομένην.
And this, falling upon [the land] from the Sicilian Sea, on one side pours into the Corinthian Gulf, and on the other forms a large peninsula, the Peloponnesus, closed off by a narrow isthmus.
ἔστι δὲ τὰ δύο μέγιστα συστήματα τῆς Ἑλλάδος τό τε ἐντὸς Ἰσθμοῦ καὶ τὸ ἐκτὸς μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Πηνειοῦ· ἔστι δὲ καὶ μεῖζον καὶ ἐπιφανέστερον τὸ ἐντὸς Ἰσθμοῦ· σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ ἀκρόπολίς ἐστιν ἡ Πελοπόννησος τῆς συμπάσης Ἑλλάδος χωρὶς γὰρ τῆς λαμπρότητος καὶ δυνάμεως τῶν ἐνοικησάντων ἐθνῶν αὐτὴ ἡ τῶν τόπων θέσις ὑπογράφει τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ταύτην, κόλποις τε καὶ ἄκραις πολλαῖς καὶ τοῖς σημειωδεστάτοις, χερρονήσοις μεγάλαις, διαπεποικιλμένη, ὧν ἐκ διαδοχῆς ἑτέρα τὴν ἑτέραν ἔχει.
Now, the two greatest systems of Greece are the one within the Isthmus and the one without as far as the mouth of the Peneius; and the one within the Isthmus is both larger and more illustrious; and indeed, the Peloponnesus is, in a way, the acropolis of the whole of Greece. For apart from the prestige and power of the nations that have inhabited it, the very situation of the places outlines this hegemony, being variegated with many gulfs and promontories, and with the most remarkable large peninsulas, of which, in succession, one contains the other.
ἔστι δὲ πρώτη μὲν τῶν χερρονήσων ἡ Πελοπόννησος, ἰσθμῷ κλειομένη τετταράκοντα σταδίων.
The first of the peninsulas is the Peloponnesus, closed off by an isthmus of forty stadia.
δευτέρα δὲ ἡ καὶ ταύτην περιέχουσα, ἧς ἰσθμός ἐστιν ὁ ἐκ Παγῶν τῶν Μεγαρικῶν εἰς Νίσαιαν, τὸ Μεγαρέων ἐπίνειον, ὑπερβολῇ σταδίων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν ἀπὸ θαλάττης ἐπὶ θάλατταν.
And the second is the one which also encloses this, the isthmus of which is the one from Pagae in the Megarid to Nisaea, the seaport of the Megarians, with a crossing of one hundred and twenty stadia from sea to sea.
τρίτη δʼ ἡ καὶ ταύτην περιέχουσα, ἧς ἰσθμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ μυχοῦ τοῦ Κρισαίου κόλπου μέχρι Θερμοπυλῶν· ἡ δʼ ἐπινοουμένη εὐθεῖα γραμμὴ ὅσον πεντακοσίων ὀκτὼ σταδίων τὴν μὲν Βοιωτίαν ἅπασαν ἐντὸς ἀπολαμβάνουσα, τὴν δὲ Φωκίδα τέμνουσα λοξὴν καὶ τοὺς Ἐπικνημιδίους.
And the third is the one which also encloses this, the isthmus of which is from the innermost recess of the Crisaean Gulf to Thermopylae; and the imagined straight line, of about five hundred and eight stadia, encloses the whole of Boeotia within it, while cutting obliquely through Phocis and the Epicnemidian [Locrians].
τετάρτη δὲ ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀμβρακικοῦ κόλπου διὰ τῆς Οἴτης καὶ τῆς Τραχινίας εἰς τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον καθήκοντα ἔχουσα τὸν ἰσθμὸν καὶ τὰς Θερμοπύλας, ὅσον ὀκτακοσίων ὄντα σταδίων· πλειόνων δʼ ἢ χιλίων ἄλλος ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κόλπου τοῦ Ἀμβρακικοῦ διὰ Θετταλῶν καὶ Μακεδόνων εἰς τὸν Θερμαῖον διήκων μυχόν.
And the fourth is the one which has its isthmus extending from the Ambracian Gulf through Oeta and Trachinia to the Malian Gulf and Thermopylae, being about eight hundred stadia; and there is another of more than a thousand [stadia], reaching from the same Ambracian Gulf through [the country of] the Thessalians and Macedonians to the innermost recess of the Thermaic Gulf.
ὑπαγορεύει δή τινα τάξιν οὐ φαύλην ἡ τῶν χερρονήσων διαδοχή· δεῖ δʼ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐλαχίστης ἄρξασθαι, ἐπιφανεστάτης δέ.
Thus, the succession of the peninsulas suggests a not-bad order; and we must begin from the smallest, which is also the most illustrious.