§8.1.1ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐπιόντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων τῆς Εὐρώπης μερῶν, ὅσα τῇ θαλάττῃ περιέχεται τῇ ἐντὸς καὶ τῇ ἐκτός, τά τε βάρβαρα ἔθνη περιωδεύσαμεν πάντα ἐν αὐτῇ μέχρι τοῦ Τανάιδος καὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οὐ πολὺ μέρος, ἀποδώσομεν νυνὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῆς Ἑλλαδικῆς γεωγραφίας, ἅπερ Ὅμηρος μὲν πρῶτος, ἔπειτα καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους ἐπραγματεύσαντο, οἱ μὲν ἰδίᾳ λιμένας ἢ περίπλους ἢ περιόδους γῆς ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἄλλο ἐπιγράψαντες, ἐν οἷς καὶ τὰ Ἑλλαδικὰ περιέχεται, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῇ κοινῇ τῆς ἱστορίας γραφῇ χωρὶς ἀποδείξαντες τὴν τῶν ἠπείρων τοπογραφίαν, καθάπερ Ἔφορός τε ἐποίησε καὶ Πολύβιος· ἄλλοι δʼ εἰς τὸν φυσικὸν τόπον καὶ τὸν μαθηματικὸν προσέλαβόν τινα καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, καθάπερ Ποσειδώνιός τε καὶ Ἵππαρχος.
Since we have, in advancing from the western parts of Europe—as many as are enclosed by the inner and outer sea—traversed all the barbarian nations within it as far as the Tanais and a not large part of Greece, we shall now give the remainder of the geography of Greece. This subject Homer was the first to treat, and after him several others, some of whom wrote specifically on harbors, coastal voyages, world tours, or some other such titles, in which the affairs of Greece are also contained; while others, in their general writing of history, set apart the topography of the continents, just as Ephorus and Polybius did; and still others, such as Posidonius and Hipparchus, included some of these matters in their physical and mathematical treatises.
τὰ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἄλλων εὐδιαίτητά ἐστι, τὰ δʼ Ὁμήρου σκέψεως δεῖται κριτικῆς, ποιητικῶς τε λέγοντος καὶ οὐ τὰ νῦν ἀλλὰ τὰ ἀρχαῖα, ὧν ὁ χρόνος ἠμαύρωκε τὰ πολλά.
Now, the works of the others are easy to decide upon, but those of Homer require critical examination, since he speaks poetically, and describes not the present but ancient things, most of which time has obscured.
ὡς δʼ οὖν δυνατὸν ἐγχειρητέον ἀρξαμένοις ἀφʼ ὧνπερ ἀπελίπομεν·
At any rate, we must, as far as possible, make our attempt by beginning from the very place where we left off.
ἐτελεύτα δʼ ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἑσπέρας καὶ τῶν ἄρκτων εἰς τὰ Ἠπειρωτικὰ ἔθνη καὶ τὰ τῶν Ἰλλυριῶν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἕω εἰς τὰ τῶν Μακεδόνων μέχρι Βυζαντίου.
Our account ended on the west and north with the Epirote and Illyrian nations, and on the east with the Macedonian nations as far as Byzantium.
μετὰ μὲν οὖν τοὺς Ἠπειρώτας καὶ τοὺς Ἰλλυριοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων Ἀκαρνᾶνές εἰσι καὶ Αἰτωλοὶ καὶ Λοκροὶ οἱ Ὀζόλαι· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις Φωκεῖς τε καὶ Βοιωτοί· τούτοις δʼ ἀντίπορθμός ἐστιν ἡ Πελοπόννησος, ἀπολαμβάνουσα μεταξὺ τὸν Κορινθιακὸν κόλπον καὶ σχηματίζουσά τε τοῦτον καὶ σχηματιζομένη ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ· μετὰ δὲ Μακεδονίαν Θετταλοὶ μέχρι Μαλιέων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἐκτὸς Ἰσθμοῦ καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν ἐντός.
Now, after the Epirots and the Illyrians, the Greeks are the Acarnanians, the Aetolians, and the Ozolian Locrians; and next to these are the Phocians and the Boeotians; and opposite to these is the Peloponnesus, which encloses the Corinthian Gulf between them, both shaping it and being shaped by it; and after Macedonia are the Thessalians as far as the Malians and the others outside the Isthmus, and those within the Isthmus itself.
§8.1.2Ἑλλάδος μὲν οὖν πολλὰ ἔθνη γεγένηται, τὰ δʼ ἀνωτάτω τοσαῦτα ὅσας καὶ διαλέκτους παρειλήφαμεν τὰς Ἑλληνίδας· τούτων δʼ αὐτῶν τεττάρων οὐσῶν τὴν μὲν Ἰάδα τῇ παλαιᾷ Ἀτθίδι τὴν αὐτὴν φαμέν (καὶ γὰρ Ἴωνες ἐκαλοῦντο οἱ τότε Ἀττικοί, καὶ ἐκεῖθέν εἰσιν οἱ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐποικήσαντες Ἴωνες καὶ χρησάμενοι τῇ νῦν λεγομένῃ γλώττῃ Ἰάδι), τὴν δὲ Δωρίδα τῇ Αἰολίδι·
Now, many nations of Greece have come into being, but the primary ones are as many as the Greek dialects we have received; and of these, which are themselves four, we say that the Ionic is the same as the ancient Attic (for the people of Attica at that time were called Ionians, and from there came the Ionians who colonized Asia and used the language now called Ionic), and the Doric the same as the Aeolic.
πάντες γὰρ οἱ ἐκτὸς Ἰσθμοῦ πλὴν Ἀθηναίων καὶ Μεγαρέων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὸν Παρνασσὸν Δωριέων καὶ νῦν ἔτι Αἰολεῖς καλοῦνται· καὶ τοὺς Δωριέας δὲ ὀλίγους ὄντας καὶ τραχυτάτην οἰκοῦντας χώραν εἰκός ἐστι τῷ ἀνεπιμίκτῳ παρατρέψαι τὴν γλῶτταν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἔθη πρὸς τὸ μὴ ὁμογενές, ὁμογενεῖς πρότερον ὄντας.
For all those outside the Isthmus, except the Athenians, the Megarians, and the Dorians around Parnassus, are even now still called Aeolians; and it is reasonable that the Dorians also, being few in number and inhabiting a very rugged country, should, by their lack of intercourse, have altered their language and other customs to what was not kindred, though they were formerly kindred.
τοῦτο δʼ αὐτὸ καὶ τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις συνέβη, λεπτόγεών τε καὶ τραχεῖαν οἰκοῦντας χώραν ἀπορθήτους μεῖναι διὰ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτόχθονας νομισθῆναι φησὶν ὁ Θουκυδίδης, κατέχοντας τὴν αὐτὴν ἀεί, μηδενὸς ἐξελαύνοντος αὐτοὺς μηδʼ ἐπιθυμοῦντος ἔχειν τὴν ἐκείνων·
And this very thing happened to the Athenians as well, who, inhabiting a thin-soiled and rugged land, remained unravaged for this reason and were considered autochthonous, as Thucydides says, always holding the same land, since no one drove them out or desired to possess their land.
τοῦτο τοίνυν αὐτὸ καὶ τοῦ ἑτερογλώττου καὶ τοῦ ἑτεροεθοῦς αἴτιον, ὡς εἰκός, ὑπῆρξε καίπερ ὀλίγοις οὖσιν.
This very thing, therefore, was likely the cause of their differing language and customs, although they were few.
οὕτω δὲ τοῦ Αἰολικοῦ πλήθους ἐπικρατοῦντος ἐν τοῖς ἐκτὸς Ἰσθμοῦ, καὶ οἱ ἐντὸς Αἰολεῖς πρότερον ἦσαν, εἶτʼ ἐμίχθησαν, Ἰώνων μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς τὸν Αἰγιαλὸν κατασχόντων, τῶν δʼ Ἡρακλειδῶν τοὺς Δωριέας καταγαγόντων, ὑφʼ ὧν τά τε Μέγαρα ᾠκίσθη καὶ πολλαὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ πόλεων.
Thus, while the Aeolian multitude prevailed outside the Isthmus, those within were also formerly Aeolians, but later they became mixed, when the Ionians from Attica occupied the Coast, and the Heraclidae brought back the Dorians, by whom Megara and many of the cities in the Peloponnesus were colonized.
οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἴωνες ἐξέπεσον πάλιν ταχέως ὑπὸ Ἀχαιῶν, Αἰολικοῦ ἔθνους· ἐλείφθη δʼ ἐν τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ τὰ δύο ἔθνη, τό τε Αἰολικὸν καὶ τὸ Δωρικόν.
Now, the Ionians were quickly driven out again by the Achaeans, an Aeolian nation; and two nations were left in the Peloponnesus, the Aeolian and the Dorian.
ὅσοι μὲν οὖν ἧττον τοῖς Δωριεῦσιν ἐπεπλέκοντο (καθάπερ συνέβη τοῖς τε Ἀρκάσι καὶ τοῖς Ἠλείοις, τοῖς μὲν ὀρεινοῖς τελέως οὖσι καὶ οὐκ ἐμπεπτωκόσιν εἰς τὸν κλῆρον, τοῖς δʼ ἱεροῖς νομισθεῖσι τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου Διὸς καὶ καθʼ αὑτοὺς εἰρήνην ἄγουσι πολὺν χρόνον, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ Αἰολικοῦ γένους οὖσι καὶ δεδεγμένοις τὴν Ὀξύλῳ συγκατελθοῦσαν στρατιὰν περὶ τὴν τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν κάθοδον), οὗτοι αἰολιστὶ διελέχθησαν, οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι μικτῇ τινι ἐχρήσαντο ἐξ ἀμφοῖν, οἱ μὲν μᾶλλον οἱ δʼ ἧττον αἰολίζοντες· σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ νῦν κατὰ πόλεις ἄλλοι ἄλλως διαλέγονται, δοκοῦσι δὲ δωρίζειν ἅπαντες διὰ τὴν συμβᾶσαν ἐπικράτειαν.
Those, therefore, who had less intercourse with the Dorians (as happened to the Arcadians and the Eleans—the former being entirely mountaineers and not having fallen into the allotment, and the latter being considered sacred to Olympian Zeus and living in peace by themselves for a long time, especially since they were of the Aeolian race and had received the army that returned with Oxylus at the time of the return of the Heraclidae), spoke in the Aeolian dialect, while the others used a mixed language from both, some more and some less Aeolizing; and indeed, even now, different cities speak differently, but all seem to speak Doric because of the prevailing dominance that occurred.
τοσαῦτα μὲν οὖν τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔθνη καὶ οὕτως, ὡς τύπῳ εἰπεῖν, ἀφωρισμένα.
Such and so many are the nations of the Greeks, and thus, to speak in outline, are they defined.
λέγωμεν δὴ διαλαβόντες ὃν χρὴ τρόπον τῇ τάξει περὶ αὐτῶν.
Let us then speak of them, dividing them in the proper order.