§7.4.6τῆς δὲ χερρονήσου, πλὴν τῆς ὀρεινῆς τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ μέχρι Θεοδοσίας, ἥ γε ἄλλη πεδιὰς καὶ εὔγεώς ἐστι πᾶσα, σίτῳ δὲ καὶ σφόδρα εὐτυχής, τριακοντάχουν ἀποδιδοῦσα διὰ τοῦ τυχόντος ὀρυκτοῦ σχιζομένη.
As for the peninsula, except for the mountainous country along the sea as far as Theodosia, all the rest is flat and fertile, and extremely rich in grain, yielding a thirty-fold return when split by any chance digging-tool.
φόρον τε ἐτέλουν ὀκτωκαίδεκα μυριάδας μεδίμνων Μιθριδάτῃ, τάλαντα δʼ ἀργυρίου διακόσια σὺν τοῖς Ἀσιανοῖς χωρίοις τοῖς περὶ τὴν Σινδικήν.
And they paid a tribute of one hundred and eighty thousand medimni of grain to Mithridates, and two hundred talents of silver, together with the Asian places around Sindice.
κἀν τοῖς πρόσθεν χρόνοις ἐντεῦθεν ἦν τὰ σιτοπομπεῖα τοῖς Ἕλλησι, καθάπερ ἐκ τῆς λίμνης αἱ ταριχεῖαι.
And in former times, the shipments of grain for the Greeks came from here, just as the shipments of cured fish came from the lake.
Λεύκωνα δέ φασιν ἐκ τῆς Θεοδοσίας Ἀθηναίοις πέμψαι μυριάδας μεδίμνων διακοσίας καὶ δέκα.
And they say that Leucon sent from Theodosia to the Athenians two million one hundred thousand medimni.
οἱ δʼ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι καὶ γεωργοὶ ἐκαλοῦντο ἰδίως διὰ τὸ τοὺς ὑπερκειμένους νομάδας εἶναι, τρεφομένους κρέασιν ἄλλοις τε καὶ ἱππείοις, ἱππείῳ δὲ καὶ τυρῷ καὶ γάλακτι καὶ ὀξυγάλακτι (τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ὄψημά ἐστιν αὐτοῖς κατασκευασθέν πως)· διόπερ ὁ ποιητὴς ἅπαντας εἴρηκε τοὺς ταύτῃ γαλακτοφάγους. οἱ μὲν οὖν νομάδες πολεμισταὶ μᾶλλόν εἰσιν ἢ λῃστρικοί, πολεμοῦσι δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν φόρων.
These same people were also specifically called "farmers," because those situated above them were nomads, who subsisted on other meats as well as horse-flesh, and on horse-cheese, milk, and sour milk (and this is also a kind of side-dish prepared for them in some way); wherefore the poet has called all the people in this region "milk-drinkers." Now the nomads are warriors rather than bandits, and they make war for the sake of tribute.
ἐπιτρέψαντες γὰρ ἔχειν τὴν γῆν τοῖς ἐθέλουσι γεωργεῖν ἀντὶ ταύτης ἀγαπῶσι φόρους λαμβάνοντες τοὺς συντεταγμένους μετρίους τινάς, οὐκ εἰς περιουσίαν ἀλλʼ εἰς τὰ ἐφήμερα καὶ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα τοῦ βίου· μὴ διδόντων δὲ αὐτοῖς πολεμοῦσιν.
For having permitted those who wish to farm to hold the land, in return for this they are content to receive the appointed moderate tributes, not for wealth but for the daily and necessary needs of life; and if people do not pay, they make war.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ δικαίους ἅμα καὶ ἀβίους ὁ ποιητὴς εἴρηκε τοὺς αὐτοὺς τούτους ἄνδρας, ἐπεὶ τῶν γε φόρων ἀπευτακτουμένων οὐδʼ ἂν καθίσταντο εἰς πόλεμον.
Thus the poet has called these same men both "just" and "having no livelihood," since if the tributes were paid regularly, they would not even enter into war.
οὐκ ἀπευτακτοῦσι δʼ οἱ δυνάμει πεποιθότες, ὥστε ἢ ἀμύνασθαι ῥᾳδίως ἐπιόντας ἢ κωλῦσαι τὴν ἔφοδον· καθάπερ Ἄσανδρον ποιῆσαί φησιν Ὑψικράτης, ἀποτειχίσαντα τὸν ἰσθμὸν τῆς χερρονήσου τὸν πρὸς τῇ Μαιώτιδι τριακοσίων ὄντα καὶ ἑξήκοντα σταδίων, ἐπιστήσαντα πύργους, καθʼ ἕκαστον στάδιον ἕνα.
But those who trust in their own power do not pay regularly, so as either to easily repel invaders or to prevent their attack; just as Hypsicrates says Asander did, by walling off the isthmus of the peninsula facing the Maeotis, which was three hundred and sixty stadia in length, and placing towers on it, one for every stadium.
οἱ δὲ γεωργοὶ ταύτῃ μὲν ἡμερώτεροί τε ἅμα καὶ πολιτικώτεροι νομίζονται εἶναι, χρηματισταὶ δʼ ὄντες καὶ θαλάττης ἁπτόμενοι λῃστηρίων οὐκ ἀπέχονται, οὐδὲ τῶν τοιούτων ἀδικιῶν καὶ πλεονεξιῶν.
On the other hand, the farmers here are considered to be at once more civilized and more political, but being profit-seekers and having contact with the sea, they do not abstain from piracy, nor from such injustices and greedy acts.
§7.4.7πρὸς δὲ τοῖς καταριθμηθεῖσι τόποις ἐν τῇ χερρονήσῳ καὶ τὰ φρούρια ὑπῆρξεν, ἃ κατεσκεύασε Σκίλουρος καὶ οἱ παῖδες, οἷσπερ καὶ ὁρμητηρίοις ἐχρῶντο πρὸς τοὺς Μιθριδάτου στρατηγούς, Παλάκιόν τε καὶ Χάβον καὶ Νεάπολις· ἦν δὲ καὶ Εὐπατόριόν τι, κτίσαντος Διοφάντου, Μιθριδάτου στρατηγοῦ.
In addition to the places enumerated in the peninsula, there were also the fortresses which Scilurus and his sons built, which they also used as bases of operations against the generals of Mithridates, namely, Palacium, Chabum, and Neapolis; and there was also a certain Eupatorium, founded by Diophantus, the general of Mithridates.
ἔστι δʼ ἄκρα διέχουσα τοῦ τῶν Χερρονησιτῶν τείχους ὅσον πεντεκαίδεκα σταδίους, κόλπον ποιοῦσα εὐμεγέθη νεύοντα πρὸς τὴν πόλιν· τούτου δʼ ὑπέρκειται λιμνοθάλαττα ἁλοπήγιον ἔχουσα· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ὁ Κτενοῦς ἦν.
There is a cape distant about fifteen stadia from the wall of the Chersonesites, forming a large gulf curving toward the city; and above this lies a lagoon containing salt-works; and here was also Ctenus.
ἵνʼ οὖν ἀντέχοιεν, οἱ βασιλικοὶ πολιορκούμενοι τῇ τε ἄκρᾳ τῇ λεχθείσῃ φρουρὰν ἐγκατέστησαν τειχίσαντες τὸν τόπον, καὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ κόλπου τὸ μέχρι τῆς πόλεως διέχωσαν, ὥστε πεζεύεσθαι ῥᾳδίως καὶ τρόπον τινὰ μίαν εἶναι πόλιν ἐξ ἀμφοῖν· ἐκ δὲ τούτου ῥᾷον ἀπεκρούοντο τοὺς Σκύθας.
Therefore, in order to hold out, the royal forces, when besieged, established a garrison on the said cape, having walled the place off, and they dammed up the mouth of the gulf as far as the city, so that it could easily be crossed on foot and in a way became one city out of both; and as a result of this they more easily repelled the Scythians.
ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τῷ διατειχίσματι τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ τοῦ πρὸς τῷ Κτενοῦντι προσέβαλον καὶ τὴν τάφρον ἐνέχουν καλάμῳ, τὸ μεθʼ ἡμέραν γεφυρωθὲν μέρος νύκτωρ ἐνεπίμπρασαν οἱ βασιλικοὶ καὶ ἀντεῖχον τέως ἕως ἐπεκράτησαν.
And when they also attacked the cross-wall of the isthmus near Ctenus and filled up the trench with reeds, the royal forces set fire by night to the part that had been bridged by day, and held out until they prevailed.
καὶ νῦν ὑπὸ τοῖς τῶν Βοσπορανῶν βασιλεῦσιν, οὓς ἂν Ῥωμαῖοι καταστήσωσιν, ἅπαντά ἐστιν.
And now all is under the kings of the Bosporans, whomsoever the Romans may appoint.
§7.4.8ἴδιον δὲ τοῦ Σκυθικοῦ καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ παντὸς ἔθνους τὸ τοὺς ἵππους ἐκτέμνειν εὐπειθείας χάριν· μικροὶ μὲν γάρ εἰσιν, ὀξεῖς δὲ σφόδρα καὶ δυσπειθεῖς.
It is a peculiarity of the whole Scythian and Sarmatian race to castrate their horses for the sake of making them docile; for though they are small, they are very swift and hard to manage.
θῆραι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἕλεσιν ἐλάφων καὶ συάγρων, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πεδίοις ὀνάγρων καὶ δορκάδων.
There is hunting of stags and wild boars in the marshes, and of wild asses and gazelles in the plains.
ἴδιον δέ τι καὶ τὸ ἀετὸν μὴ γίνεσθαι ἐν τοῖς τόποις τούτοις.
It is also a peculiar feature that no eagle is found in these parts.
ἔστι δὲ τῶν τετραπόδων ὁ καλούμενος κόλος, μεταξὺ ἐλάφου καὶ κριοῦ τὸ μέγεθος, λευκός, ὀξύτερος τούτων τῷ δρόμῳ, πίνων τοῖς ῥώθωσιν εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, εἶτʼ ἐντεῦθεν εἰς ἡμέρας ταμιεύων πλείους ὥστʼ ἐν τῇ ἀνύδρῳ νέμεσθαι ῥᾳδίως.
And among the quadrupeds is the so-called "colos," in size between a stag and a ram, white, swifter in running than they are, which drinks through its nostrils into its head, and then stores up water from there for several days, so that it easily pastures in waterless places.
τοιαύτη μὲν ἡ ἐκτὸς Ἴστρου πᾶσα ἡ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ῥήνου καὶ τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ μέχρι τῆς Ποντικῆς θαλάττης καὶ τῆς Μαιώτιδος.
Such is the whole region outside the Ister, between the Rhine and the river Tanais, as far as the Pontic Sea and the Maeotis.