§5.4.5πλησίον δὲ τῆς Κύμης τὸ Μισηνὸν ἀκρωτήριον καὶ ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ Ἀχερουσία λίμνη, τῆς θαλάττης ἀνάχυσίς τις τεναγώδης.
Near Cumae is the Misenum promontory, and in between is the Acherusian lake, a sort of shallow lagoon-like overflow of the sea.
κάμψαντι δὲ τὸ Μισηνὸν λιμὴν εὐθὺς ὑπὸ τῇ ἄκρᾳ, καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον ἐγκολπίζουσα ᾐὼν εἰς βάθος, ἐν ᾗ αἱ Βαῖαι καὶ τὰ θερμὰ ὕδατα τὰ καὶ πρὸς τρυφὴν καὶ πρὸς θεραπείαν νόσων ἐπιτήδεια.
To one rounding Misenum, there is immediately a harbor under the promontory, and after this a shore forming a deep gulf, in which are Baiae and the hot springs, suitable both for luxury and for the cure of diseases.
ταῖς δὲ Βαίαις συνεχὴς ὅ τε Λοκρῖνος κόλπος καὶ ἐντὸς τούτου ὁ Ἄορνος χερρόνησον ποιῶν τὴν ἀπολαμβανομένην μέχρι Μισηνοῦ γῆν ἀπὸ τῆς μεταξὺ Κύμης καὶ αὐτοῦ.
Contiguous to Baiae is the Lucrine gulf, and inside this is Avernus, which makes a peninsula of the land that is cut off as far as Misenum, starting from the space between Cumae and Avernus itself.
λοιπὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὀλίγων σταδίων ἰσθμὸς διὰ τῆς διώρυγος ἐπʼ αὐτὴν Κύμην καὶ τὴν πρὸς αὐτῇ θάλατταν.
For there remains an isthmus of only a few stadia, through which a canal runs to Cumae itself and the sea beside it.
ἐμύθευον δʼ οἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ Ἀόρνῳ τὰ περὶ τὴν νέκυιαν τὴν Ὁμηρικήν· καὶ δὴ καὶ νεκυομαντεῖον ἱστοροῦσιν ἐνταῦθα γενέσθαι καὶ Ὀδυσσέα εἰς τοῦτʼ ἀφικέσθαι.
Our predecessors used to locate in Avernus the myths concerning the Homeric Nekyia; and indeed they report that an oracle of the dead was established here, and that Odysseus came to this place.
ἔστι δʼ ὁ μὲν Ἄορνος κόλπος ἀγχιβαθὴς καὶ ἀρτίστομος, λιμένος καὶ μέγεθος καὶ φύσιν ἔχων, χρείαν δʼ οὐ παρεχόμενος λιμένος διὰ τὸ προκεῖσθαι τὸν Λοκρῖνον κόλπον προσβραχῆ καὶ πολύν.
Now the gulf of Avernus is deep near the shore and has a narrow mouth, having both the size and nature of a harbor, but not affording the utility of a harbor, because the Lucrine gulf, which is shallow and extensive, lies before it.
περικλείεται δʼ Ἄορνος ὀφρύσιν ὀρθίαις ὑπερκειμέναις πανταχόθεν πλὴν τοῦ εἴσπλου, νῦν μὲν ἡμέρως ἐκπεπονημέναις πρότερον δὲ συνηρεφέσιν ἀγρίᾳ ὕλῃ μεγαλοδένδρῳ καὶ ἀβάτῳ, αἳ κατὰ δεισιδαιμονίαν κατάσκιον ἐποίουν τὸν κόλπον.
Avernus is enclosed by steep, overhanging brows of hills on all sides except the entrance—brows which are now cultivated and tamed, but formerly were covered with a wild, pathless forest of huge trees, which, owing to superstition, made the gulf dark with shade.
προσεμύθευον δʼ οἱ ἐπιχώριοι καὶ τοὺς ὄρνεις τοὺς ὑπερπετεῖς γινομένους καταπίπτειν εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ φθειρομένους ὑπὸ τῶν ἀναφερομένων ἀέρων, καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς Πλουτωνίοις.
And the inhabitants used to add the myth that the birds that flew over it fell down into the water, being destroyed by the vapors rising from it, just as in the Plutonia.
καὶ τοῦτο χωρίον Πλουτώνιόν τι ὑπελάμβανον καὶ τοὺς Κιμμερίους ἐνταῦθα λέγεσθαι·
And they regarded this place as a sort of Plutonium, and said that the Cimmerians lived here.
καὶ εἰσέπλεόν γε προθυσάμενοι καὶ ἱλασάμενοι τοὺς καταχθονίους δαίμονας, ὄντων τῶν ὑφηγουμένων τὰ τοιάδε ἱερέων ἠργολαβηκότων τὸν τόπον.
And indeed they would sail in only after having offered preliminary sacrifices and appeased the underworld deities, since there were priests who conducted such rites and had leased the place for profit.
ἔστι δὲ πηγή τις αὐτόθι ποτίμου ὕδατος ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ· τούτου δʼ ἀπείχοντο πάντες τὸ τῆς Στυγὸς ὕδωρ νομίσαντες· καὶ τὸ μαντεῖον ἐνταῦθά που ἵδρυται· τόν τε Πυριφλεγέθοντα ἐκ τῶν θερμῶν ὑδάτων ἐτεκμαίροντο τῶν πλησίον τῆς Ἀχερουσίας.
And there is a spring of fresh water there near the sea; but from this all men abstained, believing it to be the water of the Styx; and the oracle was established somewhere here; and they inferred the existence of the Pyriphlegethon from the hot waters near the Acherusian lake.
Ἔφορος δὲ τοῖς Κιμμερίοις προσοικειῶν τὸν τόπον φησὶν αὐτοὺς ἐν καταγείοις οἰκίαις οἰκεῖν ἃς καλοῦσιν ἀργίλλας, καὶ διά τινων ὀρυγμάτων παρʼ ἀλλήλους τε φοιτᾶν καὶ τοὺς ξένους εἰς τὸ μαντεῖον δέχεσθαι πολὺ ὑπὸ γῆς ἱδρυμένον· ζῆν δʼ ἀπὸ μεταλλείας καὶ τῶν μαντευομένων, καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἀποδείξαντος αὐτοῖς συντάξεις.
But Ephorus, associating the place with the Cimmerians, says that they dwelt in underground houses, which they called "argillae", and that they visited one another through certain excavations, and received strangers into the oracle, which was established far underground; and that they lived on mining and on those who consulted the oracle, the king having appointed pensions for them.
εἶναι δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸ χρηστήριον ἔθος πάτριον μηδένα τὸν ἥλιον ὁρᾶν, ἀλλὰ τῆς νυκτὸς ἔξω πορεύεσθαι τῶν χασμάτων· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸν ποιητὴν περὶ αὐτῶν εἰπεῖν ὡς ἄρα
οὐδέ ποτʼ αὐτοὺς ἠέλιος φαέθων ἐπιδέρκεται. ὕστερον δὲ διαφθαρῆναι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὑπὸ βασιλέως τινός, οὐκ ἀποβάντος αὐτῷ τοῦ χρησμοῦ, τὸ δὲ μαντεῖον ἔτι συμμένειν μεθεστηκὸς εἰς ἕτερον τόπον.
And that it was an ancestral custom for those who lived around the oracle that no one should see the sun, but that they should go outside the chasms by night; and that for this reason the poet said concerning them, "Never does the shining sun look down upon them." But later, these people were destroyed by a certain king, because the oracle did not turn out according to his wish, but the oracle still remains, though it has been removed to another place.
τοιαῦτα μὲν οἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν ἐμυθολόγουν, νυνὶ δὲ τῆς μὲν ὕλης τῆς περὶ τὸν Ἄορνον κοπείσης ὑπὸ Ἀγρίππα, τῶν δὲ χωρίων κατοικοδομηθέντων, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Ἀόρνου διώρυγος ὑπονόμου τμηθείσης μέχρι Κύμης, ἅπαντʼ ἐκεῖνα ἐφάνη μῦθος, τοῦ Κοκκηίου τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὴν διώρυγα ἐκείνην τε καὶ ἐπὶ νέαν πόλιν ἐκ Δικαιαρχείας ἐπὶ ταῖς Βαίαις, ἐπακολουθήσαντός πως τῷ περὶ τῶν Κιμμερίων ἀρτίως λεχθέντι λόγῳ, τυχὸν ἴσως καὶ πάτριον νομίσαντος τῷ τόπῳ τούτῳ διʼ ὀρυγμάτων εἶναι τὰς ὁδούς.
Such were the myths our predecessors related, but now, since the forest around Avernus has been cut down by Agrippa, and the places built over, and an underground canal cut from Avernus as far as Cumae, all those things have been shown to be a myth; Cocceius, who made that canal and also the one to Neapolis from Dicaearchia near Baiae, having in some way followed the account just related concerning the Cimmerians, and perhaps also thinking it to be a local custom of this place to have its roads through excavations.