§4.6.9μετὰ δὲ τούτους οἱ ἐγγὺς ἤδη τοῦ Ἀδριατικοῦ μυχοῦ καὶ τῶν κατὰ Ἀκυληίαν τόπων οἰκοῦσι, Νωρικῶν τέ τινες καὶ Κάρνοι· τῶν δὲ Νωρικῶν εἰσι καὶ οἱ Ταυρίσκοι.
After these, there live those who are already close to the innermost recess of the Adriatic and the regions around Aquileia, namely, some of the Norici and the Carni; and to the Norici belong also the Taurisci.
πάντας δʼ ἔπαυσε τῶν ἀνέδην καταδρομῶν Τιβέριος καὶ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ Δροῦσος θερείᾳ μιᾷ, ὥστʼ ἤδη τρίτον καὶ τριακοστὸν ἔτος ἐστὶν ἐξ οὗ καθʼ ἡσυχίαν ὄντες ἀπευτακτοῦσι τοὺς φόρους.
But Tiberius and his brother Drusus put an end to all their unchecked incursions in a single summer, so that it is now the thirty-third year since they have remained quiet and paid their taxes regularly.
κατὰ πᾶσαν δὲ τὴν τῶν Ἄλπεων ὀρεινὴν ἔστι μὲν καὶ γεώλοφα χωρία καλῶς γεωργεῖσθαι δυνάμενα καὶ αὐλῶνες εὖ συνεκτισμένοι, τὸ μέντοι πλέον καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τὰς κορυφάς, περὶ ὃ δὴ καὶ συνίσταντο οἱ λῃσταί, λυπρὸν καὶ ἄκαρπον διά τε τὰς πάχνας καὶ τὴν τραχύτητα τῆς γῆς.
Throughout the whole mountainous region of the Alps, there are indeed some hilly places capable of being well cultivated, and well-settled valleys, but yet the greater part, and especially around the peaks, where indeed the plunderers used to gather, is wretched and barren because of the frosts and the ruggedness of the soil.
κατὰ σπάνιν οὖν τροφῆς τε καὶ ἄλλων ἐφείδοντο ἔσθʼ ὅτε τῶν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις, ἵνʼ ἔχοιεν χορηγούς· ἀντεδίδοσαν δὲ ῥητίνην πίτταν δᾷδα κηρὸν τυρὸν μέλι· τούτων γὰρ εὐπόρουν.
Therefore, on account of the scarcity of food and other things, they sometimes spared the people in the plains, so that they might have them as suppliers; and in return they gave them resin, pitch, torchwood, wax, cheese, and honey, for of these they had an abundance.
ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῶν Κάρνων τὸ Ἀπέννινον ὄρος, λίμνην ἔχον ἐξιεῖσαν εἰς τὸν Ἀτησῖνον ποταμόν, ὃς παραλαβὼν Ἄταγιν ἄλλον ποταμὸν εἰς τὸν Ἀδρίαν ἐκβάλλει.
Above the Carni lies Mount Apenninus, which has a lake that empties into the river Atesinus; and this river, after receiving another river, the Atagis, empties into the Adriatic.
ἐκ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς λίμνης καὶ ἄλλος ποταμὸς εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον ῥεῖ, καλούμενος Ἰσάρας.
From the same lake, another river also flows into the Ister, called the Isaras.
καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἴστρος τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀπὸ τούτων λαμβάνει τῶν ὀρῶν πολυσχιδῶν ὄντων καὶ πολυκεφάλων.
For the Ister also takes its source from these mountains, which are many-branched and many-peaked.
μέχρι μὲν γὰρ δεῦρο ἀπὸ τῆς Λιγυστικῆς συνεχῆ τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν Ἄλπεων διέτεινε καὶ ἑνὸς ὄρους φαντασίαν παρεῖχεν, εἶτʼ ἀνεθέντα καὶ ταπεινωθέντα ἐξαίρεται πάλιν εἰς πλείω μέρη καὶ πλείους κορυφάς.
For as far as this point from Liguria, the heights of the Alps extended continuously and presented the appearance of a single mountain, but then, relaxing and becoming lower, they rise again into several parts and several peaks.
πρώτη δʼ ἐστὶ τούτων ἡ τοῦ Ῥήνου πέραν καὶ τῆς λίμνης κεκλιμένη πρὸς ἕω ῥάχις μετρίως ὑψηλή, ὅπου αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πηγαὶ πλησίον Σοήβων καὶ τοῦ Ἑρκυνίου δρυμοῦ· ἄλλαι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐπιστρέφουσαι πρὸς τὴν Ἰλλυρίδα καὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν, ὧν ἐστι τό τε Ἀπέννινον ὄρος τὸ λεχθὲν καὶ τὸ Τοῦλλον καὶ Φλιγαδία, τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῶν Ὀυινδολικῶν, ἐξ ὧν ὁ Δούρας καὶ Κλάνις καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους χαραδρώδεις ποταμοὶ συμβάλλουσιν εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ἴστρου ῥεῖθρον. §4.6.10καὶ οἱ Ἰάποδες δὲ ἤδη τοῦτο ἐπίμικτον Ἰλλυριοῖς καὶ Κελτοῖς ἔθνος περὶ τούτους οἰκοῦσι τοὺς τόπους, καὶ ἡ Ὄκρα πλησίον τούτων ἐστίν.
First of these is the ridge beyond the Rhine and the lake, sloping towards the east, which is moderately high, where the sources of the Ister are near the country of the Suebi and the Hercynian forest; and there are other ridges turning towards Illyria and the Adriatic, of which are both the said Mount Apenninus and Mount Tullum and Phligadia, which lie above the Vindelici, from which the Douras, the Clanis, and several other torrent-like rivers join the stream of the Ister. And the Iapodes too, a tribe already mixed of Illyrians and Celts, live around these places, and Ocra is near them.
οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἰάποδες πρότερον εὐανδροῦντες καὶ τοῦ ὄρους ἐφʼ ἑκάτερον τὴν οἴκησιν ἔχοντες καὶ τοῖς λῃστηρίοις ἐπικρατοῦντες, ἐκπεπόνηνται τελέως ὑπὸ τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ Καίσαρος καταπολεμηθέντες.
Now the Iapodes, who were formerly rich in men and had their dwellings on both sides of the mountain, and held sway by means of their robberies, have been completely worn down, having been subdued in war by Augustus Caesar.
πόλεις δʼ αὐτῶν Μέτουλον Ἀρουπῖνοι Μονήτιον Ὀυένδων.
Their cities are Metulum, Arupinoi, Monetium, and Vendon.
μεθʼ οὓς ἡ Σεγεστικὴ πόλις ἐν πεδίῳ, παρʼ ἣν ὁ Σάος παραρρεῖ ποταμὸς ἐκδιδοὺς εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον.
After them is the city of Segestica, in a plain, past which flows the river Saus, which empties into the Ister.
κεῖται δὲ ἡ πόλις εὐφυῶς πρὸς τὸν κατὰ τῶν Δακῶν πόλεμον·
The city is situated advantageously for the war against the Dacians.
ἡ δʼ Ὄκρα τὸ ταπεινότατον μέρος τῶν Ἄλπεών ἐστι καθʼ ὃ συνάπτουσι τοῖς Κάρνοις, καὶ διʼ οὗ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Ἀκυληίας φορτία κομίζουσιν ἁρμαμάξαις εἰς τὸν καλούμενον Ναύπορτον, σταδίων ὁδὸν οὐ πολὺ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακοσίων· ἐκεῖθεν δὲ τοῖς ποταμοῖς κατάγεται μέχρι τοῦ Ἴστρου καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ χωρίων.
Ocra is the lowest part of the Alps, where they border on the Carni, and through which they carry merchandise from Aquileia in four-wheeled wagons to the place called Nauportus, a journey of not much more than four hundred stadia; and from there it is carried down by the rivers as far as the Ister and the regions in that quarter.
παραρρεῖ γὰρ δὴ τὸν Ναύπορτον ποταμὸς ἐκ τῆς Ἰλλυρίδος φερόμενος πλωτός, ἐκβάλλει δʼ εἰς τὸν Σάον, ὥστʼ εὐμαρῶς εἰς τὴν Σεγεστικὴν κατάγεται καὶ τοὺς Παννονίους καὶ Ταυρίσκους.
For indeed a navigable river, flowing from Illyria, runs past Nauportus and empties into the Saus, so that it is easily carried down to Segestica and to the Pannonians and Taurisci.
συμβάλλει δʼ εἰς τὸν Σάον κατὰ τὴν πόλιν καὶ ὁ Κόλαπις· ἀμφότεροι δʼ εἰσὶ πλωτοί, ῥέουσι δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων.
And the Colapis also joins the Saus near the city; both of these are navigable, and they flow from the Alps.
ἔχουσι δʼ αἱ Ἄλπεις καὶ ἵππους ἀγρίους καὶ βόας.
The Alps also have wild horses and cattle.
φησὶ δὲ Πολύβιος καὶ ἰδιόμορφόν τι γεννᾶσθαι ζῷον ἐν αὐταῖς ἐλαφοειδὲς τὸ σχῆμα πλὴν αὐχένος καὶ τριχώματος, ταῦτα δʼ ἐοικέναι κάπρῳ, ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ γενείῳ πυρῆνα ἴσχειν ὅσον σπιθαμιαῖον ἀκρόκομον, πωλικῆς κέρκου τὸ πάχος.
And Polybius says that a animal of peculiar shape is also produced in them, resembling a deer in form except for its neck and coat, which resemble a wild boar, and having under its chin a lump about a span long, with hair at the tip, and of the thickness of a colt's tail.