§4.6.7̔η δὲ τῶν Σαλασσῶν πολλὴ μέν ἐστιν ἐν αὐλῶνι βαθεῖ τῶν ὀρῶν ἀμφοτέρωθεν κλειόντων τὸ χωρίον, μέρος δέ τι αὐτῶν ἀνατείνει καὶ πρὸς τὰς ὑπερκειμένας κορυφάς.
Now, the land of the Salassi lies for the most part in a deep valley, with mountains enclosing the place on both sides, but a certain part of their territory also extends to the towering peaks above.
τοῖς οὖν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ὑπερτιθεῖσι τὰ ὄρη διὰ τοῦ λεχθέντος αὐλῶνός ἐστιν ἡ ὁδός.
Therefore, for those who cross the mountains from Italy, the route is through the said valley.
εἶτα σχίζεται δίχα· καὶ ἡ μὲν διὰ τοῦ Ποινίνου λεγομένου φέρεται ζεύγεσιν οὐ βατὴ κατὰ τὰ ἄκρα τῶν Ἄλπεων, ἡ δὲ διὰ Κεντρώνων δυσμικωτέρα.
Then the road splits into two: one runs through the so-called Poeninus, which is impassable for wheeled vehicles at the heights of the Alps, and the other, through the Centrones, lies more to the west.
ἔχει δὲ καὶ χρυσεῖα ἡ τῶν Σαλασσῶν, ἃ κατεῖχον ἰσχύοντες οἱ Σαλασσοὶ πρότερον, καθάπερ καὶ τῶν παρόδων ἦσαν κύριοι.
The country of the Salassi also has gold mines, which the Salassi held in former times when they were powerful, just as they were also masters of the passes.
προσελάμβανε δὲ πλεῖστον εἰς τὴν μεταλλείαν αὐτοῖς ὁ Δουρίας ποταμὸς εἰς τὰ χρυσοπλύσια, διόπερ ἐπὶ πολλοὺς τόπους σχίζοντες εἰς τὰς ἐξοχετείας τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ κοινὸν ῥεῖθρον ἐξεκένουν.
And the river Durias contributed most to their mining for the washing of gold; wherefore, by splitting the water into canals in many places, they used to empty the common bed.
τοῦτο δʼ ἐκείνοις μὲν συνέφερε πρὸς τὴν τοῦ χρυσοῦ θήραν, τοὺς δὲ γεωργοῦντας τὰ ὑπʼ αὐτοῖς πεδία τῆς ἀρδείας στερομένους ἐλύπει, τοῦ ποταμοῦ δυναμένου ποτίζειν τὴν χώραν διὰ τὸ ὑπερδέξιον ἔχειν τὸ ῥεῖθρον.
This was advantageous to them for their gold-hunting, but it distressed those who cultivated the plains below them, who were deprived of irrigation, since the river was able to water the country because its bed was situated higher up.
ἐκ δὲ ταύτης τῆς αἰτίας πόλεμοι συνεχεῖς ἦσαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀμφοτέροις τοῖς ἔθνεσι.
From this cause, there were continuous wars between the two tribes.
κρατησάντων δὲ Ῥωμαίων τῶν μὲν χρυσουργείων ἐξέπεσον καὶ τῆς χώρας οἱ Σαλασσοί, τὰ δʼ ὄρη κατέχοντες ἀκμὴν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐπώλουν τοῖς δημοσιώναις τοῖς ἐργολαβήσασι τὰ χρυσεῖα· καὶ πρὸς τούτους δʼ ἦσαν ἀεὶ διαφοραὶ διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν τῶν δημοσιωνῶν.
But when the Romans got the upper hand, the Salassi were driven out of the gold mines and the country, yet, holding the mountains, they still sold the water to the publicani who had contracted for the gold mines; and with these too there were always disputes because of the greed of the publicani.
οὕτω δὲ συνέβαινε τοὺς στρατηγιῶντας ἀεὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ πεμπομένους ἐπὶ τοὺς τόπους εὐπορεῖν προφάσεων ἀφʼ ὧν πολεμήσουσι.
Thus it happened that those of the Romans who were always eager to hold command and were sent to these places had an abundance of pretexts for making war.
μέχρι μὲν δὴ τῶν νεωστὶ χρόνων τοτὲ μὲν πολεμούμενοι τοτὲ δὲ καταλυόμενοι τὸν πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους πόλεμον ἴσχυον ὅμως, καὶ πολλὰ κατέβλαπτον τοὺς διʼ αὐτῶν ὑπερβάλλοντας τὰ ὄρη κατὰ τὸ λῃστρικὸν ἔθος· οἵ γε καὶ Δέκιμον Βροῦτον φυγόντα ἐκ Μουτίνης ἐπράξαντο δραχμὴν κατʼ ἄνδρα· Μεσσάλας δὲ πλησίον αὐτῶν χειμαδεύων τιμὴν ξύλων κατέβαλε τῶν τε καυσίμων καὶ τῶν πτελεΐνων ἀκοντισμάτων τῶν γυμναστικῶν.
Until recent times, therefore, sometimes being attacked and sometimes making peace, they nevertheless remained powerful in their war against the Romans, and did much harm to those who crossed the mountains through their territory, in accordance with their predatory habit; indeed, they even exacted a drachma per man from Decimus Brutus when he was fleeing from Mutina; and Messala, when wintering near them, paid them the price for wood, both for fuel and for the elm-javelins used in gymnastics.
ἐσύλησαν δέ ποτε καὶ χρήματα Καίσαρος οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι καὶ ἐπέβαλον κρημνοὺς στρατοπέδοις, πρόφασιν ὡς ὁδοποιοῦντες ἢ γεφυροῦντες ποταμούς.
And these men once even plundered money belonging to Caesar and hurled cliffs down upon the camps under the pretext that they were making roads or bridging rivers.
ὕστερον μέντοι κατεστρέψατο αὐτοὺς ἄρδην ὁ Σεβαστὸς καὶ πάντας ἐλαφυροπώλησε, κομισθέντας εἰς Ἐπορεδίαν Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν, ἣν συνῴκισαν μὲν φρουρὰν εἶναι βουλόμενοι τοῖς Σαλασσοῖς, ὀλίγον δʼ ἀντέχειν ἐδύναντο οἱ αὐτόθι, ἕως ἠφανίσθη τὸ ἔθνος.
Later, however, Augustus utterly subdued them and sold them all as spoils, carrying them to Eporedia, a Roman colony which they had founded wishing it to be a guard against the Salassi, but the people there were able to hold out only a little while, until the tribe was wiped out.
τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων σωμάτων τρεῖς μυριάδες ἐξητάσθησαν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑξακισχιλίοις, τῶν δὲ μαχίμων ἀνδρῶν ὀκτακισχίλιοι· πάντας δʼ ἐπώλησε Τερέντιος Ὀυάρρων ὑπὸ δόρυ καταστρεψάμενος αὐτοὺς στρατηγός·
Of the rest of the population, then, thirty-six thousand were counted, and of the fighting men eight thousand; and Terentius Varro, the general who had subdued them, sold them all under the spear.
τρισχιλίους δὲ Ῥωμαίων πέμψας ᾤκισε τὴν πόλιν Αὐγοῦσταν ὁ Καῖσαρ, ἐν ᾧ ἐστρατοπέδευσε χωρίῳ ὁ Ὀυάρρων, καὶ νῦν εἰρήνην ἄγει πᾶσα ἡ πλησιόχωρος μέχρι τῶν ἄκρων ὑπερβολῶν τοῦ ὄρους.
And Caesar, sending three thousand Romans, founded the city of Augusta in the place where Varro had encamped; and now all the neighboring country enjoys peace, as far as the highest passes of the mountain.
§4.6.8̔εξῆς δὲ τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη τῶν ὀρῶν καὶ τὰ ἐπιστρέφοντα πρὸς νότον Ῥαιτοὶ καὶ Ὀυινδολικοὶ κατέχουσι συνάπτοντες Ἐλουηττίοις καὶ Βοΐοις· ἐπίκεινται γὰρ τοῖς ἐκείνων πεδίοις.
Next, the parts of the mountains towards the east and those turning towards the south are held by the Raeti and Vindelici, who border on the Helvetii and Boii; for they lie close to their plains.
οἱ μὲν οὖν Ῥαιτοὶ μέχρι τῆς Ἰταλίας καθήκουσι τῆς ὑπὲρ Οὐήρωνος καὶ Κώμου.
Now, the Raeti extend as far as the part of Italy above Verona and Comum.
καὶ ὅ γε Ῥαιτικὸς οἶνος τῶν ἐν τοῖς Ἰταλικοῖς ἐπαινουμένων οὐκ ἀπολείπεσθαι δοκῶν ἐν ταῖς τούτων ὑπωρείαις γίνεται·
And the Raetian wine, which is thought not to fall short of those praised among the Italian wines, is produced on the foothills of these mountains.
διατείνουσι δὲ καὶ μέχρι τῶν χωρίων διʼ ὧν ὁ Ῥῆνος φέρεται· τούτου δʼ εἰσὶ τοῦ φύλου καὶ Ληπόντιοι καὶ Καμοῦνοι.
They also extend as far as the regions through which the Rhine flows; to this tribe belong both the Lepontii and the Camuni.
οἱ δὲ Ὀυινδολικοὶ καὶ Νωρικοὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς παρώρειαν κατέχουσι τὸ πλέον μετὰ Βρεύνων καὶ Γεναύνων, ἤδη τούτων Ἰλλυριῶν.
The Vindelici and Norici occupy the outer mountain slopes for the most part, together with the Breuni and Genauni, the latter being already Illyrians.
ἅπαντες δʼ οὗτοι καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας τὰ γειτονεύοντα μέρη κατέτρεχον ἀεὶ καὶ τῆς Ἐλουηττίων καὶ Σηκοανῶν καὶ Βοΐων καὶ Γερμανῶν.
All these used to overrun both the neighboring parts of Italy and the lands of the Helvetii, Sequani, Boii, and Germans.
ἰταμώτατοι δὲ τῶν μὲν Ὀυινδολικῶν ἐξητάζοντο Λικάττιοι καὶ Κλαυτηνάτιοι καὶ Ὀυέννωνες, τῶν δὲ Ῥαιτῶν Ῥουκάντιοι καὶ Κωτουάντιοι.
Most fierce among the Vindelici were reckoned the Licattii, Clautenatii, and Vennones, and among the Raeti, the Rucantii and Cotuantii.
καὶ οἱ Ἐστίωνες δὲ τῶν Ὀυινδολικῶν εἰσὶ καὶ Βριγάντιοι, καὶ πόλεις αὐτῶν Βριγάντιον καὶ Καμβόδουνον καὶ ἡ τῶν Λικαττίων ὥσπερ ἀκρόπολις Δαμασία.
The Estiones also belong to the Vindelici, as do the Brigantii, and their cities are Brigantium and Cambodunum, and Damasia, which is as it were the acropolis of the Licattii.
τῆς δὲ πρὸς τοὺς Ἰταλιώτας τῶν λῃστῶν τούτων χαλεπότητος λέγεταί τι τοιοῦτον ὡς, ἐπειδὰν ἕλωσι κώμην ἢ πόλιν οὐ μόνον ἡβηδὸν ἀνδροφονοῦντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέχρι τῶν νηπίων προϊόντας τῶν ἀρρένων, καὶ μηδʼ ἐνταῦθα παυομένους, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἐγκύους γυναῖκας κτείνοντας ὅσας φαῖεν οἱ μάντεις ἀρρενοκυεῖν.
Concerning the cruelty of these plunderers towards the Italians, a story of this kind is told, that whenever they capture a village or city, they not only slaughter all the men of military age, but also go so far as to kill even the male infants, and not even stopping there, they also kill all the pregnant women whom the soothsayers declare to be carrying male children.