§2.5.42ἔν τε τοῖς ἀπέχουσι Βυζαντίου πρὸς ἄρκτον ὅσον τρισχιλίους ὀκτακοσίους ἡ μεγίστη ἡμέρα ἐστὶν ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν δεκαέξ· ἡ οὖν δὴ Κασσιέπεια ἐν τῷ ἀρκτικῷ φέρεται.
And in the regions distant from Byzantium toward the north by about three thousand eight hundred stades, the longest day is sixteen equinoctial hours; therefore indeed Cassiopeia travels within the arctic circle.
εἰσὶ δʼ οἱ τόποι οὗτοι περὶ Βορυσθένη καὶ τῆς Μαιώτιδος τὰ νότια· ἀπέχουσι δὲ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ περὶ τρισμυρίους τετρακισχιλίους ἑκατόν.
These places are in the region of the Borysthenes and the southern parts of Lake Maeotis; and they are distant from the equator by about thirty-four thousand one hundred stades.
ὁ δὲ κατὰ τὰς ἄρκτους τόπος τοῦ ὁρίζοντος ἐν ὅλαις σχεδόν τι ταῖς θεριναῖς νυξὶ παραυγάζεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου ἀπὸ δύσεως ἕως καὶ ἀνατολῆς ἀντιπεριισταμένου τοῦ φωτός.
And the northern part of the horizon is illuminated by the sun during almost the whole of the summer nights, with the light shifting around from sunset to sunrise.
ὁ γὰρ θερινὸς τροπικὸς ἀπέχει ἀπὸ τοῦ ὁρίζοντος ἑνὸς ζωδίου ἥμισυ καὶ δωδέκατον· τοσοῦτον οὖν καὶ ὁ ἥλιος ἀφίσταται τοῦ ὁρίζοντος κατὰ τὸ μεσονύκτιον.
For the summer tropic is distant from the horizon by half and a twelfth of a zodiacal sign; by so much, therefore, is the sun also distant from the horizon at midnight.
καὶ παρʼ ἡμῖν δὲ τοσοῦτον τοῦ ὁρίζοντος ἀποσχὼν πρὸ τοῦ ὄρθρου καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἑσπέραν ἤδη καταυγάζει τὸν περὶ τὴν ἀνατολὴν ἢ τὴν δύσιν ἀέρα.
And in our country too, when the sun is at this distance from the horizon, before dawn and after evening, it already lights up the air about the east or the west.
ἐν δὲ ταῖς χειμεριναῖς ὁ ἥλιος τὸ πλεῖστον μετεωρίζεται πήχεις ἐννέα.
And during the winter days, the sun rises at most to a height of nine cubits.
φησὶ δʼ Ἐρατοσθένης τούτους τῆς Μερόης διέχειν μικρῷ πλείους ἢ δισμυρίους τρισχιλίους. διὰ γὰρ Ἑλλησπόντου εἶναι μυρίους ὀκτακισχιλίους, εἶτα πεντακισχιλίους εἰς Βυρυσθένη.
And Eratosthenes says that these regions are distant from Meroe by slightly more than twenty-three thousand stades; for up to the Hellespont it is eighteen thousand stades, and then five thousand to the Borysthenes.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀπέχουσι τοῦ Βυζαντίου σταδίους περὶ ἑξακισχιλίους τριακοσίους, βορειοτέροις οὖσι τῆς Μαιώτιδος, κατὰ τὰς χειμερινὰς ἡμέρας μετεωρίζεται τὸ πλεῖστον ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ πήχεις ἕξ, ἡ δὲ μεγίστη ἡμέρα ἐστὶν ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν δεκαεπτά.
And in the regions distant from Byzantium by about six thousand three hundred stades, which are north of Lake Maeotis, during the winter days the sun rises at most to six cubits, and the longest day is seventeen equinoctial hours.
§2.5.43τὰ δʼ ἐπέκεινα ἤδη πλησιάζοντα τῇ ἀοικήτῳ διὰ ψῦχος οὐκέτι χρήσιμα τῷ γεωγράφῳ ἐστίν.
But the regions beyond, already drawing near to the uninhabitable region due to cold, are no longer useful to the geographer.
ὁ δὲ βουλόμενος καὶ ταῦτα μαθεῖν καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τῶν οὐρανίων Ἵππαρχος μὲν εἴρηκεν ἡμεῖς δὲ παραλείπομεν διὰ τὸ τρανότερα εἶναι τῆς νῦν προκειμένης πραγματείας, παρʼ ἐκείνου λαμβανέτω.
Let him who wishes to learn both these things and all the other celestial matters which Hipparchus indeed has spoken of, but which we omit because they are too detailed for our present treatise, receive them from him.
τρανότερα δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν περισκίων καὶ ἀμφισκίων καὶ ἑτεροσκίων, ἅ φησι Ποσειδώνιος.
And the details concerning the Periscii, Amphiscii, and Heteroscii, of which Posidonius speaks, are also more detailed.
ὅμως γε καὶ τούτων τό γε τοσοῦτον ἐπιμνηστέον ὥστε τὴν ἐπίνοιαν διασαφῆσαι καὶ πῆ χρήσιμον πρὸς τὴν γεωγραφίαν καὶ πῆ ἄχρηστον.
Nevertheless, at least this much of them must be mentioned, so as to make clear the concept and in what respect it is useful for geography and in what respect useless.
ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἀφʼ ἡλίου σκιῶν ὁ λόγος ἐστίν, ὁ δʼ ἥλιος πρὸς αἴσθησιν κατὰ παραλλήλου φέρεται καθʼ οὗ καὶ ὁ κόσμος, παρʼ οἷς καθʼ ἑκάστην κόσμου περιστροφὴν ἡμέρα γίνεται καὶ νύξ, ὅτε μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς τοῦ ἡλίου φερομένου ὅτε δʼ ὑπὸ γῆν, παρὰ τούτοις οἵ τε ἀμφίσκιοι ἐπινοοῦνται καὶ οἱ ἑτερόσκιοι.
Since our discussion is about the shadows cast by the sun, and the sun, as far as perception goes, is carried along a parallel on which the cosmos also rotates, among those for whom, at each rotation of the cosmos, day and night occur, with the sun being carried sometimes above the earth and sometimes below the earth, among these, both the Amphiscii and the Heteroscii are conceived.
ἀμφίσκιοι μὲν ὅσοι κατὰ μέσον ἡμέρας τοτὲ μὲν ἐπὶ τάδε πιπτούσας ἔχουσι τὰς σκιάς, ὅταν ὁ ἥλιος ἀπὸ μεσημβρίας τῷ γνώμονι προσπίπτῃ τῷ ὀρθῷ πρὸς τὸ ὑποκείμενον ἐπίπεδον, τοτὲ δʼ εἰς τοὐναντίον, ὅταν ὁ ἥλιος εἰς τοὐναντίον περιστῇ (τοῦτο δὲ συμβέβηκε μόνοις τοῖς μεταξὺ τῶν τροπικῶν οἰκοῦσιν), ἑτερόσκιοι δʼ ὅσοις ἢ ἐπὶ τὴν ἄρκτον ἀεὶ πίπτουσιν ὥσπερ ἡμῖν, ἢ ἐπὶ τὰ νότια ὥσπερ τοῖς ἐν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ εὐκράτῳ ζώνῃ οἰκοῦσι· τοῦτο δὲ συμβαίνει πᾶσι τοῖς ἐλάττονα ἔχουσι τοῦ τροπικοῦ τὸν ἀρκτικόν.
Amphiscii are those who at noon have their shadows falling sometimes to this side, when the sun strikes the gnomon (which is perpendicular to the underlying plane) from the south, and sometimes to the opposite side, when the sun passes to the opposite side (and this happens only to those who dwell between the tropics); and Heteroscii are those for whom the shadows always fall either toward the north as with us, or toward the south as with those who dwell in the other temperate zone; and this happens to all those who have the arctic circle smaller than the tropic.
ὅταν δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν ἢ μείζονα, ἀρχὴ τῶν περισκίων ἐστὶ μέχρι τῶν οἰκούντων ὑπὸ τῷ πόλῳ.
But when they have it the same or larger, there is the beginning of the Periscii, extending as far as those who dwell under the pole.
τοῦ γὰρ ἡλίου καθʼ ὅλην τὴν τοῦ κόσμου περιστροφὴν ὑπὲρ γῆς φερομένου, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ ἡ σκιὰ κύκλῳ περιενεχθήσεται περὶ τὸν γνώμονα· καθʼ ὃ δὴ καὶ περισκίους αὐτοὺς ἐκάλεσεν, οὐδὲν ὄντας πρὸς τὴν γεωγραφίαν· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν οἰκήσιμα ταῦτα τὰ μέρη διὰ ψῦχος, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς πρὸς Πυθέαν λόγοις εἰρήκαμεν.
For with the sun being carried above the earth during the entire rotation of the cosmos, it is clear that the shadow also will be carried in a circle around the gnomon; in accordance with which indeed he called them Periscii, though they are of no concern to geography; for these parts are not inhabitable due to cold, as we have said in our discussions against Pytheas.
ὥστʼ οὐδὲ τοῦ μεγέθους τῆς ἀοικήτου ταύτης φροντιστέον ἐκ τοῦ λαβεῖν, ὅτι οἱ ἔχοντες ἀρκτικὸν τὸν τροπικὸν ὑποπεπτώκασι τῷ γραφομένῳ κύκλῳ ὑπὸ τοῦ πόλου τοῦ ζωδιακοῦ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ κόσμου περιστροφήν, ὑποκειμένου τοῦ μεταξὺ διαστήματος τοῦ τε ἰσημερινοῦ καὶ τοῦ τροπικοῦ τεττάρων ἑξηκοστῶν τοῦ μεγίστου κύκλου.
So we must not even worry about the size of this uninhabitable region, by assuming that those who have the tropic as their arctic circle fall under the circle described by the pole of the zodiac during the rotation of the cosmos, assuming that the distance between the equator and the tropic is four-sixtieths of the greatest circle.