§2.5.37̔́απασι δὲ τοῖς μεταξὺ κειμένοις τοῦ τε τροπικοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ κύκλου μεταπίπτουσιν αἱ σκιαὶ ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα, πρός τε ἄρκτους καὶ μεσημβρίαν, τοῖς δʼ ἀπὸ Συήνης ἐκ τοῦ θερινοῦ τροπικοῦ πρὸς ἄρκτους πίπτουσιν αἱ σκιαὶ κατὰ μεσημβρίαν· καλοῦνται δʼ οἱ μὲν ἀμφίσκιοι οἱ δʼ ἑτερόσκιοι.
And for all those situated between the tropic and the equator, the shadows shift to both sides, namely toward the north and toward the south; but for those north of Syene, from the summer tropic, the shadows fall toward the north at noon; and the former are called Amphiscii, and the latter Heteroscii.
ἔστι δέ τις καὶ ἄλλη διαφορὰ τοῖς ὑπὸ τῷ τροπικῷ, ἣν προείπομεν ἐν τῷ περὶ τῶν ζωνῶν λόγῳ.
And there is also a certain other difference for those under the tropic, which we mentioned before in our discussion of the zones.
αὐτή τε γάρ ἐστιν δίαμμος καὶ σιλφιοφόρος καὶ ξηρά, τῶν νοτιωτέρων μερῶν εὐύδρων τε καὶ εὐκάρπων ὄντων.
For this region is sandy and silphium-producing and dry, whereas the parts more to the south are well-watered and fruitful.
§2.5.38Ἐν δὲ τοῖς διʼ Ἀλεξανδρείας καὶ Κυρήνης νοτιωτέροις ὅσον τετρακοσίοις σταδίοις, ὅπου ἡ μεγίστη ἡμέρα ὡρῶν ἐστιν ἰσημερινῶν δεκατεττάρων, κατὰ κορυφὴν γίνεται ὁ ἀρκτοῦρος μικρὸν ἐκκλίνων πρὸς νότον.
And in the regions south of the parallel through Alexandria and Cyrene by about four hundred stades, where the longest day is fourteen equinoctial hours, Arcturus comes directly overhead, declining slightly to the south.
ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ ὁ γνώμων λόγον ἔχει πρὸς τὴν ἰσημερινὴν σκιάν, ὃν ἔχει τὰ πέντε πρὸς τρία.
And in Alexandria, the gnomon has the ratio to the equinoctial shadow which five has to three.
Καρχηδόνος δὲ νοτιώτεροί εἰσι χιλίοις καὶ τριακοσίοις σταδίοις, εἴπερ ἐν Καρχηδόνι ὁ γνώμων λόγον ἔχει πρὸς τὴν ἰσημερινὴν σκιάν, ὃν ἔχει τὰ ἕνδεκα πρὸς τὰ ἑπτά.
And they are south of Carthage by one thousand three hundred stades, if indeed in Carthage the gnomon has the ratio to the equinoctial shadow which eleven has to seven.
διήκει δʼ ὁ παράλληλος οὗτος τῇ μὲν διὰ Κυρήνης καὶ τῶν νοτιωτέρων Καρχηδόνος ἐνακοσίοις σταδίοις μέχρι Μαυρουσίας μέσης, τῇ δὲ διʼ Αἰγύπτου καὶ Κοίλης Συρίας καὶ τῆς ἄνω Συρίας καὶ Βαβυλωνίας καὶ Σουσιάδος Περσίδος Καρμανίας Γεδρωσίας τῆς ἄνω μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς.
And this parallel extends on one side through Cyrene and the regions south of Carthage by nine hundred stades as far as the middle of Maurusia, and on the other side through Egypt, Coele-Syria, Upper Syria, Babylonia, Susiana, Persis, Carmania, Upper Gedrosia, as far as India.
§2.5.39Ἐν δὲ τοῖς περὶ Πτολεμαΐδα τὴν ἐν τῇ Φοινίκῃ καὶ Σιδῶνα καὶ Τύρον ἡ μεγίστη ἡμέρα ἐστὶν ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν δεκατεττάρων καὶ τετάρτου· βορειότεροι δʼ εἰσὶν οὗτοι Ἀλεξανδρείας μὲν ὡς χιλίοις ἑξακοσίοις σταδίοις, Καρχηδόνος δὲ ὡς ἑπτακοσίοις.
And in the regions about Ptolemais in Phoenicia, and Sidon, and Tyre, the longest day is fourteen and a quarter equinoctial hours; and these are north of Alexandria by about one thousand six hundred stades, and north of Carthage by about seven hundred.
ἐν δὲ τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ καὶ περὶ τὰ μέσα τῆς Ῥοδίας καὶ περὶ Ξάνθον τῆς Λυκίας ἢ τὰ μικρῷ νοτιώτερα καὶ ἔτι τὰ Συρακοσίων νοτιώτερα τετρακοσίοις σταδίοις, ἐνταῦθα ἡ μεγίστη ἡμέρα ἐστὶν ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν δεκατεττάρων καὶ ἡμίσους· ἀπέχουσι δʼ οἱ τόποι οὗτοι Ἀλεξανδρείας μὲν τρισχιλίους ἑξακοσίους τετταράκοντα·
And in the Peloponnese, and about the middle of Rhodes, and about Xanthus in Lycia or the regions slightly to the south of it, and also the regions south of Syracuse by four hundred stades, there the longest day is fourteen and a half equinoctial hours; and these places are distant from Alexandria by three thousand six hundred and forty stades.
διήκει δʼ ὁ παράλληλος οὗτος κατʼ Ἐρατοσθένη διὰ Καρίας Λυκαονίας Καταονίας Μηδίας Κασπίων πυλῶν Ἰνδῶν τῶν κατὰ Καύκασον.
And this parallel, according to Eratosthenes, extends through Caria, Lycaonia, Cataonia, Media, the Caspian Gates, and the country of the Indians along the Caucasus.
§2.5.40Ἐν δὲ τοῖς περὶ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν μέρεσι τῆς Τρῳάδος, κατʼ Ἀμφίπολιν καὶ Ἀπολλωνίαν τὴν ἐν Ἠπείρῳ, καὶ τοὺς Ῥώμης μὲν νοτιωτέρους βορειοτέρους δὲ Νεαπόλεως, ἡ μεγίστη ἡμέρα ἐστὶν ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν δεκαπέντε ἀπέχει δὲ ὁ παράλληλος οὗτος τοῦ μὲν διʼ Ἀλεξανδρείας τῆς πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ ὡς ἑπτακισχιλίους σταδίους πρὸς ἄρκτον, τοῦ δʼ ἰσημερινοῦ ὑπὲρ δισμυρίους ὀκτακισχιλίους ὀκτακοσίους, τοῦ δὲ διὰ Ῥόδου τρισχιλίους τετρακοσίους, πρὸς νότον δὲ Βυζαντίου καὶ Νικαίας καὶ τῶν περὶ Μασσαλίαν χιλίους πεντακοσίους, μικρὸν δʼ ἀρκτικώτερός ἐστιν ὁ διὰ Λυσιμαχείας, ὅν φησιν Ἐρατοσθένης διὰ Μυσίας εἶναι καὶ Παφλαγονίας καὶ τῶν περὶ Σινώπην καὶ Ὑρκανίαν καὶ Βάκτρα.
And in the regions about Alexandria in the Troad, and at Amphipolis, and Apollonia in Epirus, and those regions south of Rome but north of Neapolis, the longest day is fifteen equinoctial hours; and this parallel is distant from the parallel through Alexandria near Egypt by about seven thousand stades toward the north, from the equator by more than twenty-eight thousand eight hundred, and from the one through Rhodes by three thousand four hundred, and to the south of Byzantium, Nicaea, and the regions about Massalia by one thousand five hundred stades; and the parallel through Lysimachia is slightly more arctic than this, which Eratosthenes says runs through Mysia, Paphlagonia, and the regions about Sinope, Hyrcania, and Bactra.
§2.5.41Ἐν δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸ Βυζάντιον ἡ μεγίστη ἡμέρα ὡρῶν ἐστιν ἰσημερινῶν δεκαπέντε καὶ τετάρτου, ὁ δὲ γνώμων πρὸς τὴν σκιὰν λόγον ἔχει ἐν τῇ θερινῇ τροπῇ ὃν τὰ ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι πρὸς τετταράκοντα δύο λείποντα πέμπτῳ.
And in the regions about Byzantium, the longest day is fifteen and a quarter equinoctial hours, and at the summer solstice the gnomon has the ratio to the shadow which one hundred and twenty has to forty-two minus one-fifth.
ἀπέχουσι δʼ οἱ τόποι οὗτοι τοῦ διὰ μέσης τῆς Ῥοδίας περὶ τετρακισχιλίους καὶ ἐνακοσίους, τοῦ δʼ ἰσημερινοῦ ὡς τρισμυρίους τριακοσίους.
And these places are distant from the parallel through the middle of Rhodes by about four thousand nine hundred stades, and from the equator by about thirty-three thousand.
εἰσπλεύσασι δʼ εἰς τὸν Πόντον καὶ προελθοῦσιν ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους ὅσον χιλίους καὶ τετρακοσίους ἡ μεγίστη ἡμέρα γίνεται ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν δεκαπέντε καὶ ἡμίσους ἀπέχουσι δʼ οἱ τόποι οὗτοι ἴσον ἀπό τε τοῦ πόλου καὶ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ κύκλου, καὶ ὁ ἀρκτικὸς κύκλος κατὰ κορυφὴν αὐτοῖς ἐστιν, ἐφʼ οὗ κεῖται ὅ τʼ ἐν τῷ τραχήλῳ τῆς Κασσιεπείας καὶ ὁ ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ ἀγκῶνι τοῦ Περσέως μικρῷ βορειότερος ὤν.
And for those who sail into the Pontus and advance toward the north about one thousand four hundred stades, the longest day becomes fifteen and a half equinoctial hours; and these places are equidistant from both the pole and the equator, and the arctic circle is directly overhead for them, on which lies both the star in the neck of Cassiopeia and the one in the right elbow of Perseus, the latter being slightly more to the north.