§2.5.14ἔστι δή τι χλαμυδοειδὲς σχῆμα τῆς γῆς τῆς οἰκουμένης, οὗ τὸ μὲν πλάτος ὑπογράφει τὸ μέγιστον ἡ διὰ τοῦ Νείλου γραμμή, λαβοῦσα τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ διὰ τῆς Κινναμωμοφόρου παραλλήλου καὶ τῆς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων τῶν φυγάδων νήσου μέχρι τοῦ διὰ τῆς Ἰέρνης παραλλήλου, τὸ δὲ μῆκος ἡ ταύτῃ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας διὰ στηλῶν καὶ τοῦ Σικελικοῦ πορθμοῦ μέχρι τῆς Ῥοδίας καὶ τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου, παρὰ τὸν Ταῦρον ἰοῦσα τὸν διεζωκότα τὴν Ἀσίαν καὶ καταστρέφοντα ἐπὶ τὴν ἑῴαν θάλατταν μεταξὺ Ἰνδῶν καὶ τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς Βακτριανῆς Σκυθῶν.
Indeed, the shape of the inhabited earth is like a chlamys (or cloak), of which the maximum breadth is outlined by the line drawn through the Nile, which takes its beginning from the parallel through the Cinnamon-bearing land and the island of the Egyptian exiles, and extends as far as the parallel through Ierne; and its length is outlined by the line perpendicular to this, starting from the west through the Pillars and the Sicilian Strait to the region of Rhodes and the Gulf of Issus, proceeding along the Taurus range which girdles Asia and terminates at the Eastern Sea between the Indians and the Scythians who live beyond Bactriana.
δεῖ δὴ νοῆσαι παραλληλόγραμμόν τι, ἐν ᾧ τὸ χλαμυδοειδὲς σχῆμα ἐγγέγραπται οὕτως ὥστε τὸ μῆκος τῷ μήκει ὁμολογεῖν καὶ ἴσον εἶναι τὸ μέγιστον καὶ τὸ πλάτος τῷ πλάτει.
One must, then, conceive of a parallelogram in which this chlamys-like shape is inscribed in such a way that its maximum length corresponds and is equal to the length of the parallelogram, and its breadth to the breadth.
τὸ μὲν δὴ χλαμυδοειδὲς σχῆμα οἰκουμένη ἐστί· τὸ δὲ πλάτος ὁρίζεσθαι ἔφαμεν αὐτῆς ταῖς ἐσχάταις παραλλήλοις πλευραῖς, ταῖς διοριζούσαις τὸ οἰκήσιμον αὐτῆς καὶ τὸ ἀοίκητον ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα.
Now, this chlamys-like shape is the inhabited world; and we said that its breadth is defined by its extreme parallel sides, which demarcate its habitable and uninhabitable regions on either side.
αὗται δʼ ἦσαν πρὸς ἄρκτοις μὲν ἡ διὰ τῆς Ἰέρνης, πρὸς δὲ τῇ διακεκαυμένῃ ἡ διὰ τῆς Κινναμωμοφόρου· αὗται δὴ προσεκβαλλόμεναι ἐπί τε τὰς ἀνατολὰς καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δύσεις μέχρι τῶν ἀνταιρόντων μερῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης ποιήσουσί τι παραλληλόγραμμον πρὸς τὰς ἐπιζευγνυούσας διὰ τῶν ἄκρων αὐτάς.
And these were: on the north, the parallel through Ierne, and on the torrid zone, the one through the Cinnamon-bearing land; and these, when extended further to the east and the west as far as the opposite regions of the inhabited world, will, together with the lines connecting them through their extremities, form a certain parallelogram.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἐν τούτῳ ἐστὶν ἡ οἰκουμένη, φανερὸν ἐκ τοῦ μήτε τὸ πλάτος αὐτῆς τὸ μέγιστον ἔξω πίπτειν αὐτοῦ μήτε τὸ μῆκος· ὅτι δʼ αὐτῆς χλαμυδοειδὲς τὸ σχῆμά ἐστιν, ἐκ τοῦ τὰ ἄκρα μυουρίζειν τὰ τοῦ μήκους ἑκατέρωθεν, κλυζόμενα ὑπὸ τῆς θαλάττης, καὶ ἀφαιρεῖν τοῦ πλάτους· τοῦτο δὲ δῆλον ἐκ τῶν περιπλευσάντων τά τε ἑῷα μέρη καὶ τὰ δυσμικὰ ἑκατέρωθεν.
That the inhabited world lies within this, therefore, is clear from the fact that neither its maximum breadth nor its length falls outside of it; and that its shape is chlamys-like is clear from the fact that the extremities of its length taper on both sides, being washed by the sea, and diminish its breadth; and this is evident from those who have sailed around both the eastern and western parts on either side.
τῆς τε γὰρ Ἰνδικῆς νοτιωτέραν πολὺ τὴν Ταπροβάνην καλουμένην νῆσον ἀποφαίνουσιν, οἰκουμένην ἔτι καὶ ἀνταίρουσαν τῇ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων νήσῳ καὶ τῇ τὸ κιννάμωμον φερούσῃ γῇ· τὴν γὰρ κρᾶσιν τῶν ἀέρων παραπλησίαν εἶναι· τῆς τε μετὰ τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς Σκυθίας τῆς ὑστάτης ἀρκτικώτερά ἐστι τὰ κατὰ τὸ στόμα τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἰέρνην.
For they show that the island called Taprobane is much further south than India, being still inhabited and opposite to the island of the Egyptians and the land that bears cinnamon, since the temperature of the air is very similar; and the region near the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea is more northerly than the remotest Scythia beyond the Indians, and that around Ierne is still more so.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς ἔξω στηλῶν λέγεται· δυσμικώτατον μὲν γὰρ σημεῖον τῆς οἰκουμένης τὸ τῶν Ἰβήρων ἀκρωτήριον ὃ καλοῦσιν ἱερόν· κεῖται δὲ κατὰ τὴν γραμμήν πως τὴν διὰ Γαδείρων τε καὶ στηλῶν καὶ τοῦ Σικελικοῦ πορθμοῦ καὶ τῆς Ῥοδίας.
Likewise, similar things are said also of the region outside the Pillars; for the westernmost point of the inhabited world is the cape of the Iberians which they call 'Sacred'; and it lies approximately along the line through Gadeira, the Pillars, the Sicilian Strait, and Rhodes.
συμφωνεῖν γὰρ καὶ τὰ ὡροσκοπεῖα καὶ τοὺς ἀνέμους φασὶ τοὺς ἑκατέρωσε φοροὺς καὶ τὰ μήκη τῶν μεγίστων ἡμερῶν τε καὶ νυκτῶν· ἔστι γὰρ τετταρεσκαίδεκα ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν τε καὶ νυκτῶν.
For they say that the horoscopes (or sun-dials), the winds blowing to either side, and the lengths of the longest days and nights agree; for these consist of fourteen equinoctial hours.
ἔν τε τῇ παραλίᾳ τῇ κατὰ Γάδειρα καὶ * Ἴβηράς ποτε ὁρᾶσθαι.
And on the coast near Gadeira and the territory of the Iberians, it was once seen.
Ποσειδώνιος δʼ ἔκ τινος ὑψηλῆς οἰκίας ἐν πόλει διεχούσῃ τῶν τόπων τούτων ὅσον τετρακοσίους σταδίους φησὶν ἰδεῖν ἀστέρα, ὃν τεκμαίρεσθαι τὸν Κάνωβον αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ τε μικρὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰβηρίας προελθόντας ἐπὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν ὁμολογεῖν ἀφορᾶν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας τῆς ἐν Κνίδῳ· τὴν γὰρ Εὐδόξου σκοπὴν οὐ πολὺ τῶν οἰκήσεων ὑψηλοτέραν εἶναι, λέγεσθαι δʼ ὅτι ἐντεῦθεν ἐκεῖνος ἀφεώρα τὸν Κάνωβον ἀστέρα, εἶναι δʼ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ῥοδιακοῦ κλίματος τὴν Κνίδον, ἐφʼ οὗ καὶ τὰ Γάδειρα καὶ ἡ ταύτῃ παραλία.
And Posidonius says that from a certain high house in a city which is about four hundred stadia distant from these places, he saw a star, which he conjectured to be Canopus itself, both from the fact that those who have proceeded a little to the south from Iberia agree that they look up at it, and from the records in Knidos; for Eudoxus' watch-tower was not much higher than the houses, yet it is said that he used to look out at the star Canopus from there, and Knidos is on the same latitude (clima) as Rhodes, on which also lie Gadeira and its coast.