§2.5.11καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸν ἑξῆς λόγον ὡς ἐν ἐπιπέδῳ πίνακι τῆς γραφῆς γινομένης ἐκθήσομεν.
And indeed we shall set forth the following account on the assumption that the drawing is made on a flat map.
ἐροῦμεν δὴ τὴν μὲν ἐπελθόντες αὐτοὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ θαλάττης, περὶ ἧς δὲ πιστεύσαντες τοῖς εἰποῦσιν ἢ γράψασιν.
We shall speak, then, of one part of the land and sea from our own travels, and of another part from our reliance on those who have spoken or written.
ἐπήλθομεν δὲ ἐπὶ δύσιν μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρμενίας μέχρι τῶν κατὰ Σαρδόνα τόπων τῆς Τυρρηνίας, ἐπὶ μεσημβρίαν δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Εὐξείνου μέχρι τῶν τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ὅρων· οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ οὐδὲ εἷς ἂν εὑρεθείη τῶν γεωγραφησάντων πολύ τι ἡμῶν μᾶλλον ἐπεληλυθὼς τῶν λεχθέντων διαστημάτων, ἀλλʼ οἱ πλεονάσαντες περὶ τὰ δυσμικὰ μέρη τῶν πρὸς ταῖς ἀνατολαῖς οὐ τοσοῦτον ἥψαντο, οἱ δὲ περὶ τἀναντία τῶν ἑσπερίων ὑστέρησαν· ὁμοίως δʼ ἔχει καὶ περὶ τῶν πρὸς νότον καὶ τὰς ἄρκτους.
We have traveled, on the west, from Armenia as far as the parts of Tyrrhenia opposite Sardinia, and, on the south, from the Euxine as far as the borders of Ethiopia; and of the others who have written on geography, not a single one could be found who has traveled much further of the said distances than we; but those who have gone further in the western parts have not reached so far in the eastern, and those who have done the opposite have fallen short in the western; and the same is true also of the regions to the south and to the north.
τὸ μέντοι πλέον κἀκεῖνοι καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀκοῇ παραλαβόντες συντίθεμεν καὶ τὸ σχῆμα καὶ τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὴν ἄλλην φύσιν ὁποία καὶ ὁπόση, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὅνπερ ἡ διάνοια ἐκ τῶν αἰσθητῶν συντίθησι τὰ νοητά· σχῆμα γὰρ καὶ χρόαν καὶ μέγεθος μήλου καὶ ὀδμὴν καὶ ἁφὴν καὶ χυμὸν ἀπαγγέλλουσιν αἱ αἰσθήσεις, ἐκ δὲ τούτων συντίθησιν ἡ διάνοια τὴν τοῦ μήλου νόησιν· καὶ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν μεγάλων σχημάτων τὰ μέρη μὲν αἴσθησις ὁρᾷ, τὸ δʼ ὅλον ἐκ τῶν ὁραθέντων ἡ διάνοια συντίθησιν.
However, for the greater part, both they and we compile from hearsay both the shape and the size and the other characteristics, showing what and how great they are, in the same manner as the mind synthesizes the objects of thought from the objects of sense; for the senses report the shape, color, size, odor, feel, and taste of an apple, and from these the mind synthesizes the concept of the apple; and indeed, of large shapes themselves, the sense sees only the parts, but the mind synthesizes the whole from the things seen.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ οἱ φιλομαθεῖς ἄνδρες ὥσπερ αἰσθητηρίοις πιστεύσαντες τοῖς ἰδοῦσι καὶ πλανηθεῖσιν οὓς ἔτυχε τόπους ἄλλοις κατʼ ἄλλα μέρη τῆς γῆς, συντιθέασιν εἰς ἓν διάγραμμα τὴν τῆς ὅλης οἰκουμένης ὄψιν· ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ πάντα μὲν αὐτοὶ πράττουσιν, οὐ πανταχοῦ δὲ πάρεισιν, ἀλλὰ πλεῖστα κατορθοῦσι διʼ ἑτέρων, ἀγγέλοις πιστεύοντες καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀκοὴν διαπέμποντες οἰκείως τὰ προστάγματα.
In this way, also, men eager for knowledge, relying on those who have seen and wandered through various places in different parts of the earth as if on their own sense-organs, synthesize the view of the entire inhabited world into a single diagram; since generals too direct everything themselves, yet are not present everywhere, but accomplish most things through others, relying on messengers and sending out their commands appropriately in response to what they hear.
ὁ δʼ ἀξιῶν μόνους εἰδέναι τοὺς ἰδόντας ἀναιρεῖ τὸ τῆς ἀκοῆς κριτήριον, ἥτις πρὸς ἐπιστήμην ὀφθαλμοῦ πολὺ κρείττων ἐστί.
But he who demands that only those who have seen should know, doing away with the criterion of hearing, which is far better than the eye for the acquisition of knowledge.
§2.5.12μάλιστα δʼ οἱ νῦν ἄμεινον ἔχοιεν ἄν τι λέγειν περὶ τῶν κατὰ Βρεττανοὺς καὶ Γερμανοὺς καὶ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἴστρον τούς τε ἐντὸς καὶ τοὺς ἐκτὸς Γέτας τε καὶ Τυρεγέτας καὶ Βαστάρνας, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Καύκασον, οἷον Ἀλβανοὺς καὶ Ἴβηρας.
Especially those of the present day would be able to speak better of the affairs of the Britons, the Germans, and those around the Ister, both the Getae on this side and those on the other side, as well as the Tyregetae and the Bastarnae, and furthermore those around the Caucasus, such as the Albanians and the Iberians.
ἀπήγγελται δʼ ἡμῖν καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν τὰ Παρθικὰ συγγραψάντων, τῶν περὶ Ἀπολλόδωρον τὸν Ἀρτεμιτηνόν, ἃ πολλῶν ἐκεῖνοι μᾶλλον ἀφώρισαν, τὰ περὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν καὶ τὴν Βακτριανήν·
And information has been reported to us also by those who have written the history of Parthia, such as Apollodorus of Artemita and his school, who determined more precisely than many others the details concerning Hyrcania and Bactriana.
τῶν τε Ῥωμαίων καὶ εἰς τὴν εὐδαίμονα Ἀραβίαν ἐμβαλόντων μετὰ στρατιᾶς νεωστί, ἧς ἡγεῖτο ἀνὴρ φίλος ἡμῖν καὶ ἑταῖρος Αἴλιος Γάλλος, καὶ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας ἐμπόρων στόλοις ἤδη πλεόντων διὰ τοῦ Νείλου καὶ τοῦ Ἀραβίου κόλπου μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς, πολὺ μᾶλλον καὶ ταῦτα ἔγνωσται τοῖς νῦν ἢ τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν.
Moreover, since the Romans have recently invaded Arabia Felix with an army, of which Aelius Gallus, a man who is our friend and companion, was the commander, and since the merchants of Alexandria are already sailing with fleets through the Nile and the Arabian Gulf as far as India, these regions too have become much better known to the people of today than to those before us.
ὅτε γοῦν Γάλλος ἐπῆρχε τῆς Αἰγύπτου, συνόντες αὐτῷ καὶ συναναβάντες μέχρι Συήνης καὶ τῶν Αἰθιοπικῶν ὅρων ἱστοροῦμεν, ὅτι καὶ ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι νῆες πλέοιεν ἐκ Μυὸς ὅρμου πρὸς τὴν Ἰνδικήν, πρότερον ἐπὶ τῶν Πτολεμαϊκῶν βασιλέων ὀλίγων παντάπασι θαρρούντων πλεῖν καὶ τὸν Ἰνδικὸν ἐμπορεύεσθαι φόρτον.
At any rate, when Gallus was governor of Egypt, we, being with him and going up with him as far as Syene and the borders of Ethiopia, ascertained that as many as one hundred and twenty ships were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemaic kings, only a very few ventured to make the voyage and to traffic in Indian merchandise.
§2.5.13τὰ μὲν οὖν πρῶτα καὶ κυριώτατα καὶ πρὸς ἐπιστήμην καὶ πρὸς τὰς χρείας τὰς πολιτικὰς ταῦτα, σχῆμα καὶ μέγεθος εἰπεῖν ὡς ἁπλούστατα ἐγχειρεῖν τὸ πῖπτον εἰς τὸν γεωγραφικὸν πίνακα, συμπαραδηλοῦντα καὶ τὸ ποῖόν τι καὶ πόστον μέρος τῆς ὅλης γῆς ἐστι·
Therefore, these are the first and most essential things both for knowledge and for political needs: namely, to attempt to state as simply as possible the shape and size of that which falls within the geographical map, showing at the same time both what kind of a part and how large a part of the entire earth it is.
τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ οἰκεῖον τῷ γεωγράφῳ, τὸ δὲ καὶ περὶ ὅλης ἀκριβολογεῖσθαι τῆς γῆς καὶ περὶ τοῦ σπονδύλου παντὸς ἧς λέγομεν ζώνης ἄλλης τινὸς ἐπιστήμης ἐστίν, οἷον εἰ περιοικεῖται καὶ κατὰ θάτερον τεταρτημόριον ὁ σπόνδυλος· καὶ γὰρ εἰ οὕτως ἔχει, οὐχ ὑπὸ τούτων γε οἰκεῖται τῶν παρʼ ἡμῖν, ἀλλʼ ἐκείνην ἄλλην οἰκουμένην θετέον, ὅπερ ἐστὶ πιθανόν.
For this is proper to the geographer, but to discuss with precision the entire earth and the entire segment of the zone we speak of belongs to some other science—for instance, whether the segment is inhabited also in the other quadrant; for even if this is so, it is at least not inhabited by the people of our part, but that must be assumed to be another inhabited world, which indeed is probable.
ἡμῖν δὲ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ταύτῃ λεκτέον.
But we must speak of the things in this very one of ours.