§2.3.6τὸ δὲ ἐξαίρεσθαι τὴν γῆν ποτε καὶ ἱζήματα λαμβάνειν καὶ μεταβολὰς τὰς ἐκ τῶν σεισμῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν παραπλησίων, ὅσα διηριθμησάμεθα καὶ ἡμεῖς, ὀρθῶς κεῖται παρʼ αὐτῷ·
But the doctrine that the land sometimes rises and undergoes subsidences, and the changes resulting from earthquakes and other similar phenomena, as many as we ourselves have enumerated, is correctly laid down in his work.
πρὸς ὃ καὶ τὸ τοῦ Πλάτωνος εὖ παρατίθησιν, ὅτι ἐνδέχεται καὶ μὴ πλάσμα εἶναι τὸ περὶ τῆς νήσου τῆς Ἀτλαντίδος, περὶ ἧς ἐκεῖνος ἱστορῆσαι Σόλωνά φησι πεπυσμένον παρὰ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἱερέων, ὡς ὑπάρχουσά ποτε ἀφανισθείη, τὸ μέγεθος οὐκ ἐλάττων ἠπείρου· καὶ τοῦτο οἴεται βέλτιον εἶναι λέγειν ἢ διότι ὁ πλάσας αὐτὴν ἠφάνισεν, ὡς ὁ ποιητὴς τὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν τεῖχος.
In connection with this he also well adduces the statement of Plato, that it is possible that the story about the island of Atlantis is not a fiction, about which Plato says Solon related, having heard it from the Egyptian priests, that having once existed it disappeared, being in size not less than a continent; and Posidonius thinks it is better to say this than that the one who fabricated it made it disappear, as the Poet did the wall of the Achaeans.
εἰκάζει δὲ καὶ τὴν τῶν Κίμβρων καὶ τῶν συγγενῶν ἐξανάστασιν ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας γενέσθαι, οὐ κατὰ θαλάττης ἔφοδον ἀθρόαν συμβᾶσαν.
And he conjectures that the emigration of the Cimbri and their kinsmen from their native land occurred not because a sudden encroachment of the sea had taken place.
ὑπονοεῖ δὲ τὸ τῆς οἰκουμένης μῆκος ἑπτά που μυριάδων σταδίων ὑπάρχον ἥμισυ εἶναι τοῦ ὅλον κύκλου καθʼ ὃν εἴληπται, ὥστε (φησίν) ἀπὸ τῆς δύσεως εὔρῳ πλέων ἐν τοσαύταις μυριάσιν ἔλθοι ἂν εἰς Ἰνδούς.
And he suspects that the length of the inhabited world, being about seventy thousand stades, is half of the entire circle along which it is taken, so that (he says), sailing from the west with the east wind, one would arrive in India within that number of ten thousand stades.
§2.3.7Ἐπιχειρήσας δὲ αἰτιᾶσθαι τοὺς οὕτω τὰς ἠπείρους διορίσαντας, ἀλλὰ μὴ παραλλήλοις τισὶ τῷ ἰσημερινῷ, διʼ ὧν ἔμελλον ἐξαλλάξεις δείκνυσθαι ζῴων τε καὶ φυτῶν καὶ ἀέρων, τῶν μὲν τῇ κατεψυγμένῃ συναπτόντων τῶν δὲ τῇ διακεκαυμένῃ, ὥστε οἱονεὶ ζώνας εἶναι τὰς ἠπείρους, ἀνασκευάζει πάλιν καὶ ἐν ἀναλύσει δίκης γίνεται, ἐπαινῶν πάλιν τὴν οὖσαν διαίρεσιν, θετικὴν ποιούμενος τὴν ζήτησιν πρὸς οὐδὲν χρησίμως.
But having attempted to censure those who partitioned the continents in this way, rather than by certain parallels to the equator, through which variations of animals, plants, and climates were bound to be shown—some bordering on the frigid zone and others on the torrid zone, so that the continents would be like zones, as it were—he again subverts his own view and becomes like one seeking a dismissal of a suit, praising again the existing division and making the inquiry purely hypothetical in a useless way.
αἱ γὰρ τοιαῦται διατάξεις οὐκ ἐκ προνοίας γίνονται, καθάπερ οὐδὲ αἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη διαφοραί, οὐδʼ αἱ διάλεκτοι, ἀλλὰ κατὰ περίπτωσιν καὶ συντυχίαν· καὶ τέχναι δὲ καὶ δυνάμεις καὶ ἐπιτηδεύσεις ἀρξάντων τινῶν κρατοῦσιν αἱ πλείους ἐν ὁποιῳοῦν κλίματι.
For such arrangements do not occur from foresight, just as the differences among nations do not, nor do dialects, but by chance and accident; and most arts, faculties, and customs, when certain people have started them, prevail in any climate whatsoever.
ἔστι δέ τι καὶ παρὰ τὰ κλίματα, ὥστε τὰ μὲν φύσει ἐστὶν ἐπιχώριά τισι τὰ δʼ ἔθει καὶ ἀσκήσει.
There is also something independent of climates, so that some things are native to certain people by nature, and others by custom and training.
οὐ γὰρ φύσει Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν φιλόλογοι, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δʼ οὒ καὶ οἱ ἔτι ἐγγυτέρω Θηβαῖοι, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἔθει· οὕτως οὐδὲ Βαβυλώνιοι φιλόσοφοι φύσει καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι, ἀλλʼ ἀσκήσει καὶ ἔθει· καὶ ἵππων δὲ καὶ βοῶν ἀρετὰς καὶ ἄλλων ζῴων οὐ τόποι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀσκήσεις ποιοῦσιν. ὁ δὲ συγχεῖ ταῦτα·
For it is not by nature that Athenians are fond of learning, whereas the Lacedaemonians are not, nor the Thebans who are even closer, but rather by custom; so also the Babylonians and Egyptians are not philosophers by nature, but by training and custom; and the excellences of horses and cattle and other animals are produced not only by places, but also by training.
ἐπαινῶν δὲ τὴν τοιαύτην διαίρεσιν τῶν ἠπείρων, οἵα νῦν ἐστι, παραδείγματι χρῆται τῷ τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς τῶν Αἰθιόπων διαφέρειν τῶν ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ· εὐερνεστέρους γὰρ εἶναι καὶ ἧττον ἕψεσθαι τῇ ξηρασίᾳ τοῦ περιέχοντος· διὸ καὶ Ὅμηρον πάντας λέγοντα Αἰθίοπας δίχα διελεῖν
οἱ μὲν δυσομένου Ὑπερίονος, οἱ δʼ ἀνιόντος,
Κράτητα δʼ εἰσάγοντα τὴν ἑτέραν οἰκουμένην, ἣν οὐκ οἶδεν Ὅμηρος, δουλεύειν ὑποθέσει· καὶ ἔδει (φησί) μεταγράφειν οὕτως
ἠμὲν ἀπερχομένου Ὑπερίονος,
οἷον ἀπὸ τοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ περικλίνοντος.
But he confuses these things; and in praising such a division of the continents as now exists, he uses as an example the fact that the Indians differ from the Ethiopians in Libya; for they are of better growth and less parched by the dryness of the atmosphere; which is why he says Homer, though calling them all Ethiopians, divided them in two: 'some at the setting of Hyperion, and some at his rising,' and that Crates, by introducing the other inhabited world, which Homer did not know, is subservient to a hypothesis; and he says one ought to rewrite it thus: 'or at the departing of Hyperion,' meaning as it declines from the meridian.
§2.3.8πρῶτον μὲν οὖν οἱ πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ Αἰθίοπες καὶ αὐτοὶ δίχα διαιροῦνται· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ εἰσὶν οἱ δʼ ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ, οὐδὲν διαφέροντες ἀλλήλων.
First of all, then, the Ethiopians near Egypt are themselves divided in two; for some are in Asia and others in Libya, differing in no respect from one another.
ἔπειθʼ Ὅμηρος οὐ διὰ τοῦτο διαιρεῖ τοὺς Αἰθίοπας, ὅτι τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς ᾔδει τοιούτους τινὰς τοῖς σώμασιν (οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀρχὴν εἰδέναι τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς εἰκὸς Ὅμηρον, ὅπου γε οὐδʼ ὁ Εὐεργέτης κατὰ τὸν Εὐδόξειον μῦθον ᾔδει τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικήν, οὐδὲ τὸν πλοῦν τὸν ἐπʼ αὐτήν), ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον κατὰ τὴν λεχθεῖσαν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν πρότερον διαίρεσιν.
Secondly, Homer does not divide the Ethiopians because he knew that the Indians were of such a sort in their bodies (for indeed it is not likely that Homer knew the Indians at all, seeing that not even Euergetes, according to the story of Eudoxus, knew the affairs of India, nor the voyage to it), but rather according to the division previously stated by us.
ἐκεῖ δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς γραφῆς τῆς Κρατητείου διῃτήσαμεν ὅτι οὐδὲν διαφέρει οὕτως ἢ ἐκείνως γράφειν· ὁ δὲ τοῦτο μὲν διαφέρειν φησί, κρεῖττον δʼ οὕτως εἶναι μεταθεῖναι
ἠμὲν ἀπερχομένου. τί οὖν διαφέρει τοῦτο τοῦ
ἠμὲν δυσομένου;
And there we also decided concerning the reading of Crates that it makes no difference to write it this way or that; but he says that this does make a difference, and that it is better to change it thus: 'or at the departing.' What difference, then, does this make from 'or at the setting'?
πᾶν γὰρ τὸ τμῆμα τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ ἐπὶ δύσιν δύσις καλεῖται, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ τοῦ ὁρίζοντος ἡμικύκλιον· ὅπερ καὶ Ἄρατος ἐπισημαίνεται
ἧχί περ ἄκραι μίσγονται δύσιές τε καὶ ἀντολαὶ ἀλλήλῃσιν. εἰ δʼ ἐπὶ τῆς Κρατητείου γραφῆς οὕτω βέλτιον, φήσει τις καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀρισταρχείου δεῖν.
For the entire segment from the meridian to the west is called 'setting' (west), just as the semicircle of the horizon is; which Aratus also points out: 'where indeed the extremes of setting and rising mingle with each other.' And if it is better so in the case of the reading of Crates, someone will say that it is also necessary in the case of the reading of Aristarchus.
τοσαῦτα καὶ πρὸς Ποσειδώνιον· πολλὰ γὰρ καὶ ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἕκαστα τυγχάνει τῆς προσηκούσης διαίτης, ὅσα γεωγραφικά· ὅσα δὲ φυσικώτερα, ἐπισκεπτέον ἐν ἄλλοις ἢ οὐδὲ φροντιστέον· πολὺ γάρ ἐστι τὸ αἰτιολογικὸν παρʼ αὐτῷ καὶ τὸ Ἀριστοτελίζον, ὅπερ ἐκκλίνουσιν οἱ ἡμέτεροι διὰ τὴν ἐπίκρυψιν τῶν αἰτιῶν.
So much for Posidonius; for many things even in the detailed parts happen to receive appropriate treatment, as many as are geographical; but such as are more physical must be examined in other places, or not even cared for; for there is a large element of etiology in him, and of Aristotelianism, which our school avoids because of the concealment of causes.