§2.1.32τετάρτη δʼ ἂν εἴη σφραγὶς ἡ συνεστῶσα ἔκ τε τῆς εὐδαίμονος Ἀραβίας καὶ τοῦ Ἀραβίου κόλπου καὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου πάσης καὶ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας.
And the fourth seal-district would be the one consisting of Arabia Felix, the Arabian Gulf, all of Egypt, and Ethiopia.
ταύτης δὲ τῆς μερίδος μῆκος μὲν ἔσται τὸ ἀφοριζόμενον ὑπὸ δυεῖν μεσημβρινῶν· ὁ μὲν γὰρ γράφεται διὰ τοῦ δυσμικωτάτου σημείου τοῦ ἐπʼ αὐτῆς, ὁ δὲ διὰ τοῦ ἑωθινωτάτου· πλάτος δὲ τὸ μεταξὺ δυεῖν παραλλήλων, ὧν ὁ μὲν γράφεται διὰ τοῦ βορειοτάτου σημείου, ὁ δὲ διὰ τοῦ νοτιωτάτου· ἐπὶ γὰρ τῶν ἀνωμάλων σχημάτων, ἐφʼ ὧν πλευραῖς οὐ δυνατὸν ἀφορίσαι πλάτος καὶ μῆκος, οὕτω τὸ μέγεθος ἀφοριστέον.
And the length of this portion will be that which is defined by two meridians; for one is drawn through its westernmost point, and the other through its easternmost point; and the width will be the distance between two parallels, of which one is drawn through its northernmost point, and the other through its southernmost point; for in the case of irregular shapes, in which it is not possible to define width and length by sides, the size must be defined in this way.
καθόλου δὲ νοητέον, ὅτι οὐχ ὡσαύτως λέγεται μῆκος καὶ πλάτος ἐπὶ ὅλου καὶ μέρους· ἀλλʼ ἐφʼ ὅλου μὲν τὸ μεῖζον διάστημα καλεῖται μῆκος, τὸ δʼ ἔλαττον πλάτος, ἐπὶ μέρους δὲ μῆκος μὲν τὸ παράλληλον τῷ τοῦ ὅλου μήκει τμῆμα ἐκείνου, ὁπότερον ἂν ᾖ μεῖζον, κἂν τὸ ληφθὲν διάστημα ἐν τῷ πλάτει μεῖζον ᾖ τοῦ ληφθέντος ἐν τῷ μήκει διαστήματος.
And in general, it must be understood that length and width are not used in the same way of a whole and of a part; but of a whole, the greater dimension is called length, and the lesser width, whereas of a part, its length is that section of it which is parallel to the length of the whole, whichever of the two dimensions is greater, even if the dimension taken in width is greater than the dimension taken in length.
διὸ καὶ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἀπʼ ἀνατολῆς ἐπὶ δύσιν μηκυνομένης, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων ἐπὶ νότον πλατυνομένης, καὶ τοῦ μὲν μήκους ἐπὶ παραλλήλου τινὸς τῷ ἰσημερινῷ γραφομένου, τοῦ δὲ πλάτους ἐπὶ μεσημβρινοῦ, δεῖ καὶ τῶν μερῶν λαμβάνεσθαι μήκη μὲν τὰ παράλληλα τῷ μήκει τμήματα αὐτῆς, πλάτη δὲ τὰ τῷ πλάτει.
Therefore, since the inhabited world is extended in length from east to west, and in width from north to south, and since its length is drawn along a certain parallel to the equator, and its width along a meridian, we must also take as lengths of the parts those sections of it which are parallel to its length, and as widths those parallel to its width.
οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἄμεινον ὑπογράφοιτο πρῶτον μὲν τὸ μέγεθος τῆς οἰκουμένης ὅλης, ἔπειτα καὶ ἡ διάθεσις καὶ τὸ σχῆμα τῶν μερῶν, καθʼ ἃ μὲν ἀπολείπειν καθʼ ἃ δὲ πλεονάζειν φαινομένων τῇ τοιαύτῃ παραθέσει.
For in this way, first the size of the whole inhabited world, and then also the arrangement and shape of its parts would be better delineated, as they appear to fall short in some respects and to exceed in others by such a comparison.
§2.1.33Ἐρατοσθένης δὲ τὸ μὲν τῆς οἰκουμένης λαμβάνει μῆκος ἐπὶ τῆς διὰ στηλῶν καὶ Κασπίων πυλῶν καὶ Καυκάσου γραμμῆς, ὡς ἂν εὐθείας, τὸ δὲ τῆς τρίτης μερίδος ἐπὶ τῆς διὰ Κασπίων πυλῶν καὶ Θαψάκου, τὸ δὲ τῆς τετάρτης ἐπὶ τῆς διὰ Θαψάκου καὶ Ἡρώων πόλεως μέχρι τῆς μεταξὺ τῶν στομάτων τοῦ Νείλου, ἀνάγκη καταστρέφειν εἰς τοὺς περὶ Κάνωβον καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τόπους· ἐνταῦθα γάρ ἐστι τὸ ἔσχατον στόμα τὸ καλούμενον Κανωβικόν τε καὶ Ἡρακλεωτικόν.
Eratosthenes, however, takes the length of the inhabited world on the line running through the Pillars, the Caspian Gates, and the Caucasus, as if it were a straight line, and the length of the third portion on the line through the Caspian Gates and Thapsacus, and that of the fourth on the line through Thapsacus and Heroonpolis as far as the region between the mouths of the Nile, which of necessity terminates in the places about Canobus and Alexandria; for there is the outermost mouth called both Canobic and Heracleotic.
εἴτʼ οὖν ἐπʼ εὐθείας ἀλλήλοις τὰ μήκη τίθησιν, εἴθʼ ὡς ἂν γωνίαν ποιοῦντα κατὰ Θάψακον, ἀλλʼ ὅτι γε οὐ παράλληλον οὐδέτερον τῷ τῆς οἰκουμένης μήκει, φανερόν ἐστιν ἐξ αὐτῶν ὧν εἴρηκεν αὐτός.
Whether, then, he places these lengths in a straight line with one another, or as making an angle at Thapsacus, at any rate it is clear from his own words that neither is parallel to the length of the inhabited world.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ τῆς οἰκουμένης μῆκος διὰ τοῦ Ταύρου γράφει καὶ τῆς ἐπʼ εὐθείας μέχρι στηλῶν θαλάττης κατὰ γραμμὴν τὴν διὰ τοῦ Καυκάσου καὶ Ῥόδου καὶ Ἀθηνῶν, ἀπὸ δὲ Ῥόδου εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν κατὰ τὸν διʼ αὐτῶν μεσημβρινὸν οὐ πολὺ ἐλάττους τῶν τετρακισχιλίων φησὶν εἶναι σταδίων, ὥστε τοσοῦτον καὶ οἱ παράλληλοι διέχοιεν ἂν ἀλλήλων ὅ τε διὰ Ῥόδου καὶ ὁ διʼ Ἀλεξανδρείας.
For he draws the length of the inhabited world through the Taurus and the sea in a straight line as far as the Pillars along the line through the Caucasus, Rhodes, and Athens; and he says that from Rhodes to Alexandria along the meridian passing through them it is not much less than four thousand stadia, so that the parallels through Rhodes and through Alexandria would also be separated from each other by this amount.
ὁ δʼ αὐτός πώς ἐστι τούτῳ ὁ διὰ τῆς Ἡρώων πόλεως, ἢ νοτιώτερός γε τούτου, ὥσθʼ ἡ συμπίπτουσα γραμμὴ τούτῳ τε τῷ παραλλήλῳ καὶ τῷ διὰ Ῥόδου καὶ Κασπίων πυλῶν, εἴτʼ εὐθεῖα εἴτε κεκλασμένη, οὐκ ἂν εἴη παράλληλος οὐδετέρᾳ.
And the parallel through Heroonpolis is somehow the same as this one, or at least more southerly than it, so that the line meeting both this parallel and the one through Rhodes and the Caspian Gates, whether it be straight or broken, would not be parallel to either.
οὐκ εὖ γοῦν λαμβάνεται τὰ μήκη, οὐκ εὖ δὲ οὐδὲ αἱ βόρειοι λαμβάνονται μερίδες.
At any rate, the lengths are not well taken, nor are the northern divisions well taken.