§2.1.30ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐᾶν δεῖ ὡς παιδικά.
These things, therefore, one must dismiss as childish.
ἃ δʼ ἄν τις αἰτιάσαιτο τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους τοιαῦτά ἐστι.
But the points on which Eratosthenes might be blamed are as follows.
καθάπερ γὰρ ἡ κατὰ μέλος τομὴ τῆς ἄλλως κατὰ μέρος διαφέρει (διότι ἡ μὲν καὶ τὰ μέρη λαμβάνει περιγραφὴν ἔχοντα φυσικήν, ἀρθρώσει τινὶ καὶ τύπῳ σημειώδη, ἡ δʼ οὐδὲν ἔχει τοιοῦτον), χρώμεθα δʼ οἰκείως ἑκατέρᾳ τὸν καιρὸν καὶ τὴν χρείαν σκοποῦντες, οὕτως ἐπὶ τῶν γεωγραφικῶν δεῖ μὲν τομὰς ποιεῖσθαι τῶν μερῶν τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα ἐπιόντας, μιμεῖσθαι δὲ τὰς κατὰ μέλος τομὰς μᾶλλον ἢ τὰς ὡς ἔτυχε.
For just as a division by members differs from a division merely by parts (since the former takes parts that have a natural boundary, being marked by a certain articulation and shape, while the latter has nothing of the sort), and we use each appropriately, looking to the occasion and the utility, so in geographical matters we must make divisions of the parts while traversing individual details, but we should imitate the divisions by members rather than those made at random.
τὸ γὰρ σημειῶδες καὶ τὸ εὐπεριόριστον ἐκεῖθεν λαβεῖν ἔστιν, οὗ χρείαν ἔχει ὁ γεωγράφος· εὐπεριόριστον δέ, ὅταν ἢ ποταμοῖς ἢ ὄρεσιν ἢ θαλάττῃ δυνατὸν ᾖ, καὶ ἔθνει δὲ ἢ ἔθνεσι καὶ μεγέθει ποσῷ καὶ σχήματι, ὅπου τοῦτο δυνατόν.
For from that method one can grasp what is distinctive and well-bounded, which is what the geographer needs; and it is well-bounded when it is possible by rivers, mountains, or sea, and also by a tribe or tribes, and by a certain size and shape, where this is possible.
πανταχοῦ δὲ ἀντὶ τοῦ γεωμετρικῶς τὸ ἁπλῶς καὶ ὁλοσχερῶς ἱκανόν.
But in all cases, instead of geometrical precision, what is simple and rough is sufficient.
μέγεθος μὲν οὖν ἱκανόν ἐστιν, ἂν τὸ μέγιστον εἴπῃς μῆκος καὶ πλάτος, ὡς τῆς οἰκουμένης ἑπτὰ μυριάδων εἰ τύχοι μῆκος, πλάτος δʼ ἔλαττον ἢ ἥμισυ μικρῷ τοῦ μήκους· σχῆμα δʼ, ἂν τῶν γεωμετρικῶν τινὶ σχημάτων εἰκάσῃς, ὡς τὴν Σικελίαν τριγώνῳ, ἢ τῶν ἄλλων γνωρίμων τινὶ σχημάτων, οἷον τὴν Ἰβηρίαν βύρσῃ, τὴν Πελοπόννησον πλατάνου φύλλῳ· ὅσῳ δʼ ἂν μεῖζον ᾖ τὸ τεμνόμενον, τοσῷδε καὶ ὁλοσχερεστέρας πρέποι ἂν ποιεῖσθαι τὰς τομάς.
As for size, it is sufficient if you state the maximum length and width, as for instance if the length of the inhabited world is seventy thousand stadia, and the width is a little less than half of the length; and as for shape, if you liken it to one of the geometrical figures, as Sicily to a triangle, or to some other familiar shape, as Iberia to an ox-hide, and the Peloponnese to a plane-tree leaf; and the larger the area being divided, the rougher the divisions should appropriately be.
§2.1.31̔η μὲν οὖν οἰκουμένη δίχα διῄρηται τῷ τε Ταύρῳ καὶ τῇ ἐπὶ στήλας θαλάττῃ καλῶς.
Now the inhabited world has been beautifully divided into two by the Taurus and the sea that extends to the Pillars.
καὶ τοῦ νοτίου μέρους ἡ μὲν Ἰνδικὴ περιώρισται πολλοῖς· καὶ γὰρ ὄρει καὶ ποταμῷ καὶ θαλάττῃ καὶ ἑνὶ ὀνόματι ὡς ἑνὸς ἔθνους· ὥστε καὶ τετράπλευρος ὀρθῶς λέγεται καὶ ῥομβοειδής.
And of the southern part, India is bounded by many things; for it is bounded by mountains, a river, the sea, and by a single name as if of a single nation; so that it is correctly described as both four-sided and rhomboidal.
ἡ δʼ Ἀριανὴ ἧττον μὲν τὸ εὐπερίγραφον ἔχει διὰ τὸ τὴν ἑσπερίαν πλευρὰν συγκεχύσθαι, διώρισται δʼ ὅμως ταῖς τε τρισὶ πλευραῖς ὡς ἂν εὐθείαις, καὶ τῷ ὀνόματι ὡς ἂν ἑνὸς ἔθνους.
Ariana has its boundaries less clearly defined because its western side is confused, yet it is nevertheless distinguished by three sides which are as if straight lines, and by its name as if of a single nation.
ἡ δὲ τρίτη σφραγὶς τελέως ἀπερίγραφός ἐστιν, οὕτω γε ἀφορισθεῖσα· ἥ τε γὰρ κοινὴ πλευρὰ αὐτῇ τε καὶ τῇ Ἀριανῇ συγκέχυται, ὡς προείρηται, καὶ ἡ νότιος πλευρὰ ἀργότατα εἴληπται· οὔτε γὰρ περιγράφει τὴν σφραγῖδα, διὰ μέσης τε αὐτῆς βαδίζουσα καὶ πολλὰ μέρη ἀπολείπουσα πρὸς νότον, οὔτε μῆκος ὑπογράφει τὸ μέγιστον (τὸ γὰρ προσάρκτιον πλευρὸν μεῖζον), οὔθʼ ὁ Εὐφράτης ἑσπέριόν ἐστι πλευρὸν οὐδʼ εἰ ἐπʼ εὐθείας ῥέοι, τῶν ἄκρων αὐτοῦ μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ κειμένων.
But the third seal-district is completely ill-defined, at least when delimited in this way; for the side common to it and Ariana is confused, as has been said before, and the southern side has been assumed in a most careless manner; for it neither defines the outline of the seal-district, running through its middle and leaving many parts to the south, nor does it trace the maximum length (for the northern side is larger), nor is the Euphrates a western side even if it were to flow in a straight line, since its extremities do not lie on the same meridian.
τί γὰρ μᾶλλον ἑσπέριον ἢ νότιον;
For why should it be western rather than southern?
χωρὶς δὲ τούτων, ὀλίγης οὔσης τῆς ἐπὶ θάλατταν λοιπῆς τὴν Κιλίκιον καὶ τὴν Συριακήν, τὸ μὴ μέχρι δεῦρο προάγειν δεῖν τὴν σφραγῖδα οὐ πιθανόν, τῆς τε Σεμιράμιδος καὶ τοῦ Νίνου Σύρων λεγομένων, ὧν τῆς μὲν ἡ Βαβυλὼν κτίσμα καὶ βασίλειον, τοῦ δὲ Νίνος ὡς ἂν μητρόπολις τῆς Συρίας.
And apart from these things, since the remaining distance to the sea, namely the Cilician and Syrian sea, is small, it is not plausible to say that one should not advance the seal-district as far as here, especially as Semiramis and Ninus are called Syrians, of whom Babylon was the creation and royal seat of the former, and Ninus was, as it were, the metropolis of Syria of the latter.
καὶ τῆς διαλέκτου δὲ μέχρι νῦν διαμενούσης τῆς αὐτῆς τοῖς τε ἐκτὸς τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῖς ἐντός, τὸ ἐνταῦθα μέντοι τοιούτῳ μερισμῷ διασπᾶν ἔθνος γνωριμώτατον καὶ τὰ μέρη συνάπτειν τοῖς ἀλλοεθνέσιν ἥκιστα ἂν πρέποι. οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑπὸ μεγέθους ἀπηναγκάσθαι λέγοι ἄν·
And since the dialect remains the same to this day for those both outside and inside the Euphrates, it would be least of all appropriate to tear apart a most well-known nation by such a division and to join its parts to other nations.
καὶ γὰρ τὸ μέχρι θαλάττης οὐ μήν πω ἂν ἐξισάζοιτο τῇ Ἰνδικῇ, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τῇ Ἀριανῇ, προσλαβὸν καὶ τὸ μέχρι τῶν ὅρων τῆς εὐδαίμονος Ἀραβίας καὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου· ὥστε πολὺ κρεῖττον ἦν μέχρι δεῦρο προελθεῖν, τῆς τρίτης εἰπόντα σφραγῖδος τοσαύτῃ προσθήκῃ τῇ μέχρι τῆς Συριακῆς θαλάττης τὸ μὲν νότιον πλευρὸν οὐχ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν ἔχον, οὐδʼ ἐπʼ εὐθείας, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ τῆς Καρμανίας εὐθὺς τὴν δεξιὰν παραλίαν εἰσπλέοντι τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τοῖς ὁρίοις τῆς Μεσήνης καὶ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας συνάπτον, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ τοῦ διορίζοντος τὴν εὐδαίμονα Ἀραβίαν ἀπὸ τῆς ἄλλης ἠπείρου, εἶτʼ ἐφεξῆς αὐτὸν τοῦτον διεξιόν, διῆκόν τε μέχρι τοῦ μυχοῦ τοῦ Ἀραβίου κόλπου καὶ Πηλουσίου, καὶ ἔτι τοῦ Κανωβικοῦ στόματος τοῦ Νείλου· τοῦτο μὲν τὸ νότιον πλευρόν, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἑσπέριον τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κανωβικοῦ στόματος μέχρι τῆς Κιλικίας παραλίαν.
For he could not say that he was forced to do so by its size; for the area up to the sea, even if it took in the region up to the borders of Arabia Felix and Egypt, would still not equal India, nor even Ariana; so that it would have been much better to advance as far as here, stating that the third seal-district, with such an addition as far as the Syrian sea, has its southern side not as he said, nor in a straight line, but from Carmania, as one sails into the Persian Gulf, immediately along the right coast as far as the mouth of the Euphrates, and after this joining the borders of Mesene and Babylonia, which is the beginning of the boundary separating Arabia Felix from the rest of the continent, and then passing through this very boundary in order, reaching as far as the recess of the Arabian Gulf and Pelusium, and further to the Canobic mouth of the Nile; this on the one hand being the southern side, and the remaining western side being the coast from the Canobic mouth to Cilicia.