§17.3.24τὰ μὲν οὖν μέρη τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένης οὕτω διάκειται·
Thus are the parts of the inhabited world known to us situated.
ἐπεὶ δʼ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν ἀρίστην αὐτῆς καὶ γνωριμωτάτην κατέχουσιν, ἅπαντας ὑπερβεβλημένοι τοὺς πρότερον ἡγεμόνας ὧν μνήμην ἴσμεν, ἄξιον διὰ βραχέων καὶ τὰ τούτων εἰπεῖν.
But since the Romans possess the best and best-known part of it, having surpassed all the previous rulers of whom we have record, it is worthwhile to speak briefly also of their administration.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἐκ μιᾶς ὁρμηθέντες πόλεως τῆς Ῥώμης ἅπασαν τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἔσχον διὰ τὸ πολεμεῖν καὶ πολιτικῶς ἄρχειν εἴρηται, καὶ διότι μετὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν τὰ κύκλῳ προσεκτήσαντο τῇ αὐτῇ ἀρετῇ χρώμενοι.
That they, starting from a single city, Rome, acquired all Italy through warfare and statesmanlike government has already been said, and also that after Italy they acquired the surrounding areas using the same excellence.
τριῶν δὲ ἠπείρων οὐσῶν τὴν μὲν Εὐρώπην σχεδόν τι πᾶσαν ἔχουσι πλὴν τῆς ἔξω τοῦ Ἴστρου καὶ τῶν μεταξὺ τοῦ Ῥήνου καὶ τοῦ Τανάιδος παρωκεανιτῶν, τῆς δὲ Λιβύης ἡ καθʼ ἡμᾶς παραλία πᾶσα ὑπʼ αὐτοῖς ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ ἄλλη ἀοίκητός ἐστιν ἢ λυπρῶς καὶ νομαδικῶς οἰκεῖται.
There being three continents, they possess almost the whole of Europe, except for the land outside the Ister and the regions near the ocean between the Rhine and the Tanais; of Libya, all the coast opposite to us is under them, and the rest is uninhabited or inhabited miserably and nomadically.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἡ καθʼ ἡμᾶς παραλία πᾶσα ὑποχείριός ἐστιν, εἰ μή τις τὰ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ Ζυγῶν καὶ Ἡνιόχων ἐν λόγῳ τίθεται, λῃστρικῶς καὶ νομαδικῶς ζώντων ἐν στενοῖς καὶ λυπροῖς χωρίοις.
Similarly, of Asia, all the coast opposite to us is subject, unless one takes into account the affairs of the Achaians, Zygoi, and Heniochoi, who live by piracy and nomadically in narrow and barren places.
τῆς δὲ μεσογαίας καὶ τῆς ἐν βάθει τὴν μὲν ἔχουσιν αὐτοί, τὴν δὲ Παρθυαῖοι καὶ οἱ ὑπὲρ τούτων βάρβαροι, πρός τε ταῖς ἀνατολαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἄρκτοις Ἰνδοὶ καὶ Βάκτριοι καὶ Σκύθαι, εἶτʼ Ἄραβες καὶ Αἰθίοπες· προστίθεται δὲ ἀεί τι παρʼ ἐκείνων αὐτοῖς.
Of the interior and deep land, part they possess themselves, and part the Parthians and the barbarians beyond them, and towards the east and north, Indians, Bactrians, and Scythians, then Arabs and Ethiopians; and some part is always being added to them from those people.
ταύτης δὲ τῆς συμπάσης χώρας τῆς ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἣ μὲν βασιλεύεται, ἣν δʼ ἔχουσιν αὐτοὶ καλέσαντες ἐπαρχίαν, καὶ πέμπουσιν ἡγεμόνας καὶ φορολόγους.
Of all this country under the Romans, some is ruled by kings, and some they hold themselves, calling it a province, and they send governors and tax-collectors.
εἰσὶ δέ τινες καὶ ἐλεύθεραι πόλεις, αἱ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς κατὰ φιλίαν προσελθοῦσαι, τὰς δʼ ἠλευθέρωσαν αὐτοὶ κατὰ τιμήν.
There are also some free cities, some having approached in friendship from the beginning, and others they themselves freed out of honor.
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ δυνάσται τινὲς καὶ φύλαρχοι καὶ ἱερεῖς ὑπʼ αὐτοῖς· οὗτοι μὲν δὴ ζῶσι κατά τινας πατρίους νόμους.
There are also certain dynasts, phylarchs, and priests under them; these indeed live according to certain ancestral laws.
§17.3.25αἱ δʼ ἐπαρχίαι διῄρηνται ἄλλοτε μὲν ἄλλως, ἐν δὲ τῷ παρόντι ὡς Καῖσαρ ὁ Σεβαστὸς διέταξεν.
The provinces have been divided differently at different times, but at present as Caesar Augustus arranged.
ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡ πατρὶς ἐπέτρεψεν αὐτῷ τὴν προστασίαν τῆς ἡγεμονίας, καὶ πολέμου καὶ εἰρήνης κατέστη κύριος διὰ βίου, δίχα διεῖλε πᾶσαν τὴν χώραν καὶ τὴν μὲν ἀπέδειξεν ἑαυτῷ τὴν δὲ τῷ δήμῳ, ἑαυτῷ μὲν ὅση στρατιωτικῆς φρουρᾶς ἔχει χρείαν· αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ βάρβαρος καὶ πλησιόχωρος τοῖς μήπω κεχειρωμένοις ἔθνεσιν ἢ λυπρὰ καὶ δυσγεώργητος, ὥσθʼ ὑπὸ ἀπορίας τῶν ἄλλων ἐρυμάτων δʼ εὐπορίας ἀφηνιάζειν καὶ ἀπειθεῖν, τῷ δήμῳ δὲ τὴν ἄλλην ὅση εἰρηνικὴ καὶ χωρὶς ὅπλων ἄρχεσθαι ῥᾳδία· ἑκατέραν δὲ τὴν μερίδα εἰς ἐπαρχίας διένειμε πλείους, ὧν αἱ μὲν καλοῦνται Καίσαρος αἱ δὲ τοῦ δήμου.
For when the fatherland entrusted to him the leadership of the empire, and he was established master of war and peace for life, he divided all the country in two, and designated one part for himself, the other for the people; for himself, as much as has need of a military garrison—and this is the barbarian land and adjacent to the nations not yet subdued, or barren and difficult to cultivate, so that, because of a lack of other resources but an abundance of strongholds, they rebel and disobey—and for the people, the rest, as much as is peaceful and easy to rule without arms; and each of the two portions he divided into several provinces, of which some are called Caesar's, and others the people's.
καὶ εἰς μὲν τὰς Καίσαρος ἡγεμόνας καὶ διοικητὰς Καῖσαρ πέμπει, διαιρῶν ἄλλοτε ἄλλως τὰς χώρας καὶ πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς πολιτευόμενος, εἰς δὲ τὰς δημοσίας ὁ δῆμος στρατηγοὺς ἢ ὑπάτους· καὶ αὗται δʼ εἰς μερισμοὺς ἄγονται διαφόρους, ἐπειδὰν κελεύῃ τὸ συμφέρον.
And into Caesar's, Caesar sends governors and administrators, dividing the lands differently at different times and governing according to the circumstances; but into the public ones, the people send praetors or consuls; and these too are subjected to different divisions whenever utility demands.
ἀλλʼ ἐν ἀρχαῖς γε διέθηκε ποιήσας ὑπατικὰς μὲν δύο, Λιβύην τε ὅση ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἔξω τῆς ὑπὸ Ἰούβᾳ μὲν πρότερον νῦν δὲ Πτολεμαίῳ τῷ ἐκείνου παιδί, καὶ Ἀσίαν τὴν ἐντὸς Ἅλυος καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου πλὴν Γαλατῶν καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ Ἀμύντα γενομένων ἐθνῶν, ἔτι δὲ Βιθυνίας καὶ τῆς Προποντίδος· δέκα δὲ στρατηγικάς, κατὰ μὲν τὴν Εὐρώπην καὶ τὰς πρὸς αὐτῇ νήσους τήν τε ἐκτὸς Ἰβηρίαν λεγομένην, ὅση περὶ τὸν Βαῖτιν ποταμόν, καὶ τῆς Κελτικῆς τὴν Ναρβωνῖτιν, τρίτην δὲ Σαρδὼ μετὰ Κύρνου, καὶ Σικελίαν τετάρτην, πέμπτην δὲ καὶ ἕκτην τῆς Ἰλλυρίδος τὴν πρὸς τῇ Ἠπείρῳ καὶ Μακεδονίαν, ἑβδόμην δʼ Ἀχαΐαν μέχρι Θετταλίας καὶ Αἰτωλῶν καὶ Ἀκαρνάνων καί τινων Ἠπειρωτικῶν ἐθνῶν ὅσα τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ προσώριστο, ὀγδόην δὲ Κρήτην μετὰ τῆς Κυρηναίας, ἐνάτην δὲ Κύπρον, δεκάτην δὲ Βιθυνίαν μετὰ τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τοῦ Πόντου τινῶν μερῶν· τὰς δὲ ἄλλας ἐπαρχίας ἔχει Καῖσαρ, ὧν εἰς ἃς μὲν πέμπει τοὺς ἐπιμελησομένους ὑπατικοὺς ἄνδρας, εἰς ἃς δὲ στρατηγικούς, εἰς ἃς δὲ καὶ ἱππικούς· καὶ βασιλεῖς δὲ καὶ δυνάσται καὶ δεκαρχίαι τῆς ἐκείνου μερίδος καὶ εἰσὶ καὶ ὑπῆρξαν ἀεί.
But at the beginning, he arranged them, making two consular provinces: both Libya, as much as is under the Romans except for that which was formerly under Juba and is now under Ptolemy his son, and Asia within the Halys and the Taurus, except for the Galatians and the nations that had been under Amyntas, and also except Bithynia and the Propontis; and ten praetorian provinces: in Europe and the islands near it, first, the so-called Farther Iberia, as much as is around the river Baetis, second, Narbonensis of Celtica, third, Sardinia with Corsica, fourth, Sicily, fifth and sixth, that part of Illyria near Epirus, and Macedonia, seventh, Achaea as far as Thessaly and the Aetolians and Acarnanians and some Epirote nations as many as had been annexed to Macedonia, eighth, Crete with Cyrenaica, ninth, Cyprus, and tenth, Bithynia with the Propontis and some parts of Pontus; but the other provinces Caesar holds, into some of which he sends consular men to take charge, into others praetorian men, and into others equestrian men; and kings and dynasts and decarchies both belong, and have always belonged, to his portion.