§17.1.6τὰ μὲν οὖν καθʼ ὅλου καὶ ἀνωτάτω περὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ταῦτα λέγομεν, τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα δὲ καὶ τὰς ἀρετὰς αὐτῆς νῦν διέξιμεν.
These, then, are our statements concerning Egypt in general and in its highest outlines, and we shall now go through the particulars and its excellences.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ πλεῖστον τοῦ ἔργου τούτου καὶ τὸ κυριώτατον ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρειά ἐστι καὶ τὰ περὶ αὐτήν, ἐντεῦθεν ἀρκτέον.
And since the greatest and most important part of this work is Alexandria and its surroundings, we must begin from there.
ἔστι τοίνυν ἡ ἀπὸ Πηλουσίου παραλία πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέραν πλέουσι μέχρι μὲν τοῦ Κανωβικοῦ στόματος χιλίων που καὶ τριακοσίων σταδίων, ὃ δὴ καὶ βάσιν τοῦ Δέλτα ἔφαμεν· ἐντεῦθεν δʼ ἐπὶ Φάρον τὴν νῆσον ἄλλοι στάδιοι πεντήκοντα πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν.
Now, for those sailing westward, the coast from Pelusium as far as the Canobic mouth is some thirteen hundred stadia, which indeed we called the base of the Delta; and from there to the island of Pharos is another one hundred and fifty stadia.
ἡ δὲ Φάρος νησίον ἐστὶ παράμηκες, προσεχέστατον τῇ ἠπείρῳ, λιμένα πρὸς αὐτὴν ποιοῦν ἀμφίστομον.
Pharos is an oblong islet, very close to the mainland, making with it a harbor with two entrances.
ᾐὼν γάρ ἐστι κολπώδης, ἄκρας εἰς τὸ πέλαγος προβεβλημένη δύο· τούτων δὲ μεταξὺ ἡ νῆσος ἵδρυται κλείουσα τὸν κόλπον, παραβέβληται γὰρ αὐτῷ κατὰ μῆκος·
For the shore is gulf-like, since it projects two capes into the open sea, and between these the island is situated, closing the gulf, for it lies parallel to it along its length.
τῶν δʼ ἄκρων τῆς Φάρου τὸ μὲν ἑῷον μᾶλλόν ἐστι προσεχὲς τῇ ἠπείρῳ καὶ τῇ κατʼ αὐτὴν ἄκρᾳ (καλεῖται δʼ ἄκρα Λοχιάς), καὶ ποιεῖ τὸν λιμένα ἀρτίστομον· πρὸς δὲ τῇ στενότητι τοῦ μεταξὺ πόρου καὶ πέτραι εἰσὶν αἱ μὲν ὕφαλοι αἱ δὲ καὶ ἐξέχουσαι, τραχύνουσαι πᾶσαν ὥραν τὸ προσπῖπτον ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους κλυδώνιον.
Of the extremities of Pharos, the eastern one is closer to the mainland and to the cape opposite it (which is called Cape Lochias), and makes the entrance of the harbor narrow; and in addition to the narrowness of the intervening passage, there are rocks, some sunken and others projecting, which at all times roughen the wave breaking in from the open sea.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ τῆς νησῖδος ἄκρον πέτρα περίκλυστος, ἔχουσα πύργον θαυμαστῶς κατεσκευασμένον λευκοῦ λίθου πολυώροφον, ὁμώνυμον τῇ νήσῳ· τοῦτον δʼ ἀνέθηκε Σώστρατος Κνίδιος, φίλος τῶν βασιλέων, τῆς τῶν πλοιζομένων σωτηρίας χάριν, ὥς φησιν ἡ ἐπιγραφή.
The extremity of the islet itself is also a rock washed on all sides by the sea, having a wondrously constructed tower of white stone, with many stories, sharing its name with the island; and Sostratus of Cnidus, a friend of the kings, dedicated this for the safety of those who sail, as the inscription says.
ἀλιμένου γὰρ οὔσης καὶ ταπεινῆς τῆς ἑκατέρωθεν παραλίας, ἐχούσης δὲ καὶ χοιράδας καὶ βράχη τινά, ἔδει σημείου τινὸς ὑψηλοῦ καὶ λαμπροῦ τοῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ πελάγους προσπλέουσιν ὥστʼ εὐστοχεῖν τῆς εἰσβολῆς τοῦ λιμένος.
For, since the coast on either side was without harbors and low, and had also reefs and certain shallows, there was need of some high and bright signal for those sailing in from the open sea, so that they might hit the entrance of the harbor.
καὶ τὸ ἑσπέριον δὲ στόμα οὐκ εὐείσβολόν ἐστιν, οὐ μὴν τοσαύτης γε δεῖται προνοίας· ποιεῖ δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἄλλον λιμένα τὸν τοῦ Εὐνόστου καλούμενον· πρόκειται δʼ οὗτος τοῦ ὀρυκτοῦ καὶ κλειστοῦ λιμένος·
And the western entrance also is not easy of entry, though indeed it does not require so much precaution; and this also makes another harbor, called that of Eunostus; and this lies in front of the artificial and closed harbor.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ λεχθέντος πύργου τῆς Φάρου τὸν εἴσπλουν ἔχων ὁ μέγας ἐστὶ λιμήν· οὗτοι δὲ συνεχεῖς ἐν βάθει ἐκείνῳ, τῷ ἑπτασταδίῳ καλουμένῳ χώματι διειργόμενοι ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ παράκεινται· τὸ δὲ χῶμά ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἠπείρου γέφυρα ἐπὶ τὴν νῆσον κατὰ τὸ ἑσπέριον αὐτῆς μέρος ἐκτεταμένη, δύο διάπλους ἀπολείπουσα μόνον εἰς τὸν Εὐνόστου λιμένα καὶ αὐτοὺς γεγεφυρωμένους· ἦν δʼ οὐ γέφυρα μόνον ἐπὶ τὴν νῆσον τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑδραγώγιον, ὅτε γε ᾠκεῖτο· νῦν δʼ ἠρήμωσεν αὐτὴν ὁ θεὸς Καῖσαρ ἐν τῷ πρὸς Ἀλεξανδρέας πολέμῳ τεταγμένην μετὰ τῶν βασιλέων· ὀλίγοι δʼ οἰκοῦσι πρὸς τῷ πύργῳ ναυτικοὶ ἄνδρες.
For the harbor which has its entrance by the aforesaid tower of Pharos is the Great Harbor; and these others lie adjacent to it, continuous in depth, separated from it by the mole called Heptastadium; and the mole is a bridge extending from the mainland to the island at its western part, leaving only two passages through into the harbor of Eunostus, and these themselves are bridged over; and this work was not only a bridge to the island, but also an aqueduct, at least when the island was inhabited; but now the deified Caesar has devastated it, since it was aligned with the kings in the war against the Alexandrians; and only a few seafaring men dwell near the tower.
ὁ γοῦν μέγας λιμὴν πρὸς τῷ κεκλεῖσθαι καλῶς τῷ τε χώματι καὶ τῇ φύσει ἀγχιβαθής τέ ἐστιν ὥστε τὴν μεγίστην ναῦν ἐπὶ κλίμακος ὁρμεῖν, καὶ εἰς πλείους σχίζεται λιμένας.
At any rate, the Great Harbor, besides being well closed both by the mole and by nature, is deep close to the shore, so that the largest ship can anchor at a gangway, and it is split into several harbors.
οἱ μὲν οὖν πρότεροι τῶν Αἰγυπτίων βασιλεῖς ἀγαπῶντες οἷς εἶχον καὶ οὐ πάνυ ἐπεισάκτων δεόμενοι, διαβεβλημένοι πρὸς ἅπαντας τοὺς πλέοντας καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς Ἕλληνας (πορθηταὶ γὰρ ἦσαν καὶ ἐπιθυμηταὶ τῆς ἀλλοτρίας κατὰ σπάνιν γῆς), ἐπέστησαν φυλακὴν τῷ τόπῳ τούτῳ κελεύσαντες ἀπείργειν τοὺς προσιόντας· κατοικίαν δʼ αὐτοῖς ἔδοσαν τὴν προσαγορευομένην Ῥακῶτιν, ἣ νῦν μὲν τῆς Ἀλεξανδρέων πόλεώς ἐστι μέρος τὸ ὑπερκείμενον τῶν νεωρίων, τότε δὲ κώμη ὑπῆρχε· τὰ δὲ κύκλῳ τῆς κώμης βουκόλοις παρέδοσαν δυναμένοις καὶ αὐτοῖς κωλύειν τοὺς ἔξωθεν ἐπιόντας.
Now the former kings of the Egyptians, being content with what they had and not at all in need of imported goods, and being hostilely disposed toward all who sailed, and especially toward the Greeks (for they were plunderers and covetous of foreign land because of its scarcity), established a guard over this place, commanding them to keep off those who approached; and they gave them as a dwelling-place the town called Rhacotis, which is now the part of the city of the Alexandrians that lies above the shipyards, but was then a village; and the parts around the village they delivered to herdsmen, who were able, they too, to prevent those who came from the outside.
ἐπελθὼν δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος, ἰδὼν τὴν εὐκαιρίαν ἔγνω τειχίζειν ἐπὶ τῷ λιμένι τὴν πόλιν· τῆς δʼ ὕστερον ἐπηκολουθηκυίας εὐδαιμονίας τῇ πόλει μνημονεύουσί τι σημεῖον κατὰ τὴν ὑπογραφὴν τοῦ κτίσματος συμβάν· τῶν γὰρ ἀρχιτεκτόνων γῇ λευκῇ διασημαινομένων τὴν τοῦ περιβόλου γραμμήν, ἐπιλιπούσης τῆς γῆς καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιόντος, οἱ διοικηταὶ τῶν ἀλφίτων μέρος τῶν παρεσκευασμένων τοῖς ἐργάταις παρέσχον, διʼ ὧν καὶ αἱ ὁδοὶ κατετμήθησαν εἰς πλείους· τοῦτʼ οὖν οἰωνίσθαι λέγονται πρὸς ἀγαθοῦ γεγονός.
But when Alexander came and saw the natural advantages, he resolved to wall the city at the harbor; and of the prosperity that subsequently followed for the city, they record a certain sign that occurred during the outlining of the foundation; for when the architects were marking out the line of the wall with white earth, and the earth ran out while the king was approaching, the administrators of the barley meal supplied a portion of what had been prepared for the workmen, by means of which the streets also were marked out into several; they are said, therefore, to have augured that this was an omen for good.