§16.1.6Ἀφώριστο δʼ ἐν τῇ Βαβυλῶνι κατοικία τοῖς ἐπιχωρίοις φιλοσόφοις τοῖς Χαλδαίοις προσαγορευομένοις, οἳ περὶ ἀστρονομίαν εἰσὶ τὸ πλέον· προσποιοῦνται δέ τινες καὶ γενεθλιαλογεῖν, οὓς οὐκ ἀποδέχονται οἱ ἕτεροι.
In Babylon a settlement was set apart for the local philosophers called Chaldaeans, who are mostly concerned with astronomy; but some of them also make pretension to cast nativities, whom the others do not accept.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ φῦλόν τι τὸ τῶν Χαλδαίων καὶ χώρα τῆς Βαβυλωνίας ὑπʼ ἐκείνων οἰκουμένη, πλησιάζουσα καὶ τοῖς Ἄραψι καὶ τῇ κατὰ Πέρσας λεγομένῃ θαλάττῃ.
There is also a tribe of the Chaldaeans, and a territory of Babylonia inhabited by them, which borders on the Arabians and on the sea called Persian.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῶν Χαλδαίων τῶν ἀστρονομικῶν γένη πλείω· καὶ γὰρ Ὀρχηνοί τινες προσαγορεύονται καὶ Βορσιππηνοὶ καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους ὡς ἂν κατὰ αἱρέσεις ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα νέμοντες περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν δόγματα.
There are also several schools of the astronomical Chaldaeans; for some are called Orcheni, and others Borsippeni, and several others, as if holding different doctrines on the same subjects according to their respective sects.
μέμνηνται δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐνίων οἱ μαθηματικοί, καθάπερ Κιδηνᾶ τε καὶ Ναβουριανοῦ καὶ Σουδίνου· καὶ Σέλευκος δʼ ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς Σελευκείας Χαλδαῖός ἐστι καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους ἀξιόλογοι ἄνδρες.
The mathematicians also make mention of some of these men, such as Cidenas, Naburianus, and Sudines; and Seleucus of Seleucia is also a Chaldaean, as well as several other noteworthy men.
§16.1.7τὰ δὲ Βόρσιππα ἱερὰ πόλις ἐστὶν Ἀρτέμιδος καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος, λινουργεῖον μέγα.
And Borsippa is a city sacred to Artemis and Apollo, and a great linen-manufactory.
πληθύουσι δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ νυκτερίδες μείζους πολὺ τῶν ἐν ἄλλοις τόποις· ἁλίσκονται δʼ εἰς βρῶσιν καὶ ταριχεύονται.
It is full of bats which are much larger than those in other places; and they are caught for food and are salted.
§16.1.8περιέχεται δʼ ἡ χώρα τῶν Βαβυλωνίων ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἠοῦς ὑπό τε Σουσίων καὶ Ἐλυμαίων καὶ Παραιτακηνῶν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς μεσημβρίας ὑπὸ τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου καὶ τῶν Χαλδαίων μέχρι Ἀράβων τῶν Μεσηνῶν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἑσπέρας ὑπό τε Ἀράβων τῶν σκηνιτῶν μέχρι τῆς Ἀδιαβηνῆς καὶ τῆς Γορδυαίας, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἄρκτων ὑπό τε Ἀρμενίων καὶ Μήδων μέχρι τοῦ Ζάγρου καὶ τῶν περὶ αὐτὸ ἐθνῶν.
The country of the Babylonians is surrounded on the east by the Susians, the Elymaeans, and the Paraitaceni; on the south by the Persian Gulf and by the Chaldaeans as far as the Mesene Arabians; on the west by the tent-dwelling Arabians as far as Adiabene and Gordyaea; and on the north by the Armenians and Medes as far as the Zagrus and the nations around it.
§16.1.9διαρρεῖται δʼ ὑπὸ πλειόνων μὲν ποταμῶν ἡ χώρα, μεγίστων δὲ τοῦ τε Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος· μετὰ γὰρ τοὺς Ἰνδικοὺς οὗτοι λέγονται δευτερεύειν κατὰ τὰ νότια μέρη τῆς Ἀσίας οἱ ποταμοί·
The country is traversed by several rivers, but the largest are the Euphrates and the Tigris; for after the Indian rivers, these are said to hold the second place in the southern parts of Asia.
ἔχουσι δʼ ἀνάπλους ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν Ὦπιν καὶ τὴν νῦν Σελεύκειαν (ἡ δὲ Ὦπις κώμη ἐμπόριον τῶν κύκλῳ τόπων) ὁ δʼ ἐπὶ Βαβυλῶνα πλειόνων ἢ τρισχιλίων σταδίων.
And they afford a passage for navigation upstream: the one to Opis and the present Seleucia (Opis being a village which is a market for the surrounding places), and the other to Babylon, a distance of more than three thousand stadia.
οἱ μὲν οὖν Πέρσαι τοὺς ἀνάπλους ἐπίτηδες κωλύειν θέλοντες φόβῳ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐφόδων καταράκτας χειροποιήτους κατεσκευάκεισαν· ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐπιὼν ὅσους οἷός τε ἦν ἀνεσκεύασε, καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν Ὦπιν.
Now the Persians, wishing on purpose to prevent navigation upstream through fear of invasions from without, had constructed artificial obstructions (cataracts); but Alexander, on his invasion, destroyed as many of them as he could, and especially those to Opis.
ἐπεμελήθη δὲ καὶ τῶν διωρύγων· πλημμυρεῖ γὰρ ὁ Εὐφράτης κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ θέρους ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔαρος ἀρξάμενος, ἡνίκα τήκονται αἱ χιόνες αἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρμενίας, ὥστʼ ἀνάγκη λιμνάζειν καὶ κατακλύζεσθαι τὰς ἀρούρας, εἰ μὴ διοχετεύει τις ταφρείαις καὶ διώρυξι τὸ ἐκπῖπτον τοῦ ῥοῦ καὶ ἐπιπολάζον ὕδωρ, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ τὸ τοῦ Νείλου· ἐντεῦθεν μὲν οὖν αἱ διώρυγες γεγένηνται.
He also took care of the canals; for the Euphrates rises in flood at the beginning of summer, starting from spring, when the snows from Armenia melt, so that the fields must of necessity become lakes and be flooded, unless one diverts the overflow of the current and the surface water by means of trenches and canals, just as is the case with the water of the Nile in Egypt; hence, then, the canals have been made.
χρεία δέ ἐστιν ὑπουργίας μεγάλας· βαθεῖα γὰρ ἡ γῆ καὶ μαλακὴ καὶ εὐένδοτος ὥστε καὶ ἐκσύρεται ῥᾳδίως ὑπὸ τῶν ῥευμάτων καὶ γυμνοῖ τὰ πεδία, πληροῖ δὲ τὰς διώρυγας καὶ τὰ στόματα αὐτῶν ἐμφράττει ῥᾳδίως ἡ χοῦς· οὕτω δὲ συμβαίνει πάλιν τὴν ὑπέρχυσιν τῶν ὑδάτων εἰς τὰ πρὸς τῇ θαλάττῃ πεδία ἐκπίπτουσαν λίμνας ἀποτελεῖν καὶ ἕλη καὶ καλαμῶνας, ἐξ ὧν καλάμινα πλέκεται παντοῖα σκεύη, τὰ μὲν ὑγροῦ δεκτικὰ τῇ ἀσφάλτῳ περιαλειφόντων, τοῖς δʼ ἄλλοις ψιλῶς χρωμένων· καὶ ἱστία δὲ ποιοῦνται καλάμινα ψιάθοις ἢ ῥιψὶ παραπλήσια.
But there is need of great labor; for the soil is deep, soft, and yielding, so that it is easily washed away by the currents and lays bare the plains, and the silt easily fills the canals and obstructs their mouths; and thus it happens again that the overflow of the waters, escaping into the plains near the sea, forms lakes, marshes, and reed-beds, from which all kinds of reed vessels are woven, some being smeared around with asphalt to make them capable of holding liquids, while for other purposes they use them bare; and they also make reed sails resembling mats or hurdles.