§16.1.10τὸ μὲν οὖν παντάπασι κωλύειν τὴν τοιαύτην πλήμμυραν οὐχ οἷόν τε ἴσως, τὸ δὲ τὴν δυνατὴν προσφέρειν βοήθειαν ἡγεμόνων ἀγαθῶν ἐστιν.
Now, to prevent such a flood altogether is perhaps impossible, but to afford all possible assistance is the part of good rulers.
ἡ δὲ βοήθεια αὕτη, τὴν μὲν πολλὴν παρέκχυσιν ἐμφράξει κωλύειν, τὴν δὲ πλήρωσιν ἣν ἡ χοῦς ἐργάζεται, τοὐναντίον ἀνακαθάρσει τῶν διωρύγων καὶ ἐξανοίξει τῶν στομάτων.
This assistance consists in preventing the excessive overflow by blocking, and, on the contrary, preventing the filling up which the silt produces by clearing out the canals and reopening their mouths.
ἡ μὲν οὖν ἀνακάθαρσις ῥᾳδία ἡ δὲ ἔμφραξις πολυχειρίας δεῖται· εὐένδοτος γὰρ οὖσα ἡ γῆ καὶ μαλακὴ τὴν ἐπιφορηθεῖσαν οὐχ ὑπομένει χοῦν, ἀλλʼ εἴκουσα συνεφέλκεται κἀκείνην καὶ ποιεῖ δυσέγχωστον τὸ στόμα.
Now, the clearing out is easy, but the blocking requires many hands; for the soil, being yielding and soft, does not support the silt heaped upon it, but giving way, drags it down along with itself and makes the mouth difficult to dam.
καὶ γὰρ καὶ τάχους δεῖ πρὸς τὸ ταχέως κλεισθῆναι τὰς διώρυγας καὶ μὴ πᾶν ἐκπεσεῖν ἐξ αὐτῶν τὸ ὕδωρ.
And indeed, speed is also required in order that the canals may be quickly closed and not all the water escape from them.
ξηρανθεῖσαι γὰρ τοῦ θέρους ξηραίνουσι καὶ τὸν ποταμόν· ταπεινωθεὶς δὲ τὰς ἐποχετείας οὐ δύναται παρέχεσθαι κατὰ καιρὸν ὧν δεῖται πλεῖστον τοῦ θέρους ἔμπυρος οὖσα ἡ χώρα καὶ καυματηρά·
For if they are dried up in the summer, they dry up the river as well; and when the river is lowered, it cannot supply the irrigations in due season when they are most needed in the summer, since the country is burning and hot.
διαφέρει δʼ οὐδὲν ἢ τῷ πλήθει τῶν ὑδάτων κατακλύζεσθαι τοὺς καρπούς, ἢ τῇ λειψυδρίᾳ τῷ δίψει διαφθείρεσθαι·
And it makes no difference whether the crops are destroyed by flooding through the abundance of waters, or by thirst through the scarcity of water.
ἅμα δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἀνάπλους, πολὺ τὸ χρήσιμον ἔχοντας ἀεὶ λυμαινομένους ὑπʼ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν λεχθέντων παθῶν, οὐχ οἷόν τε ἐπανορθοῦν, εἰ μὴ ταχὺ μὲν ἐξανοίγοιτο τὰ στόμια τῶν διωρύγων, ταχὺ δὲ κλείοιτο, καὶ αἱ διώρυγες ἀεὶ μετριάζοιεν ὥστε μήτε πλεονάζειν ἐν αὐταῖς τὸ ὕδωρ μήτʼ ἐλλείπειν.
At the same time, the navigation upstream, which is of great utility, is always damaged by both the aforementioned conditions, and it is impossible to rectify this unless the mouths of the canals are opened quickly and closed quickly, and the canals are always kept in moderation so that the water in them neither exceeds nor falls short.
§16.1.11φησὶ δʼ Ἀριστόβουλος τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον αὐτὸν ἀναπλέοντα καὶ κυβερνῶντα τὸ σκάφος ἐπισκοπεῖν καὶ ἀνακαθαίρειν τὰς διώρυγας μετὰ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνακολουθησάντων· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὰ στόμια ἐμφράττειν, τὰ δʼ ἀνοίγειν·
Aristobulus says that Alexander himself, while sailing up and steering the boat, inspected and cleared the canals with the multitude of those who followed him; and likewise blocked up some of the mouths and opened others.
κατανοήσαντα δὲ μίαν τὴν μάλιστα τείνουσαν ἐπὶ τὰ ἕλη καὶ τὰς λίμνας τὰς πρὸ τῆς Ἀραβίας, δυσμεταχείριστον ἔχουσαν τὸ στόμα καὶ μὴ ῥᾳδίως ἐμφράττεσθαι δυναμένην διὰ τὸ εὐένδοτον καὶ μαλακόγειον, ἄλλο ἀνοῖξαι καινὸν στόμα, ἀπὸ σταδίων τριάκοντα ὑπόπετρον λαβόντα χωρίον, κἀκεῖ μεταγαγεῖν τὸ ῥεῖθρον·
And when he observed that one mouth, which was especially directed toward the marshes and the lakes in front of Arabia, was difficult to manage and could not easily be blocked up because of the yielding and soft nature of the soil, he opened another new mouth, choosing a place with a rocky subsoil at a distance of thirty stadia, and there diverted the channel.
ταῦτα δὲ ποιεῖν προνοοῦντα ἅμα καὶ τοῦ μὴ τὴν Ἀραβίαν δυσείσβολον τελέως ὑπὸ τῶν λιμνῶν ἢ καὶ τῶν ἑλῶν ἀποτελεσθῆναι, νησίζουσαν ἤδη διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ ὕδατος·
He did these things, at the same time taking precaution that Arabia should not be rendered completely difficult to invade by the lakes or even the marshes, as it was already becoming island-like because of the abundance of the water.
διανοεῖσθαι γὰρ δὴ κατακτᾶσθαι τὴν χώραν ταύτην καὶ στόλους καὶ ὁρμητήρια ἤδη κατεσκευάσθαι, τὰ πλοῖα τὰ μὲν ἐν Φοινίκῃ τε καὶ Κύπρῳ ναυπηγησάμενον διάλυτά τε καὶ γομφωτά, ἃ κομισθέντα εἰς Θάψακον σταθμοῖς ἑπτὰ εἶτα τῷ ποταμῷ κατακομισθῆναι μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος, τὰ δʼ ἐν τῇ Βαβυλωνίᾳ συμπηξάμενον τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἄλσεσι καὶ τοῖς παραδείσοις κυπαρίττων· σπάνις γὰρ ὕλης ἐνταῦθα, ἐν δὲ Κοσσαίοις καὶ ἄλλοις τισὶ μετρία τίς ἐστιν εὐπορία.
For he intended to conquer this country, and fleets and naval bases had already been prepared; some of the vessels were built in Phoenicia and Cyprus as detachable and bolted, which, after being conveyed to Thapsacus in seven stages, were then carried down the river as far as Babylon, while others were constructed in Babylonia from the cypresses in the groves and parks, for there is a scarcity of timber there, though in the country of the Cossaeans and certain others there is a moderate supply.
σκήψασθαι μὲν οὖν αἰτίαν τοῦ πολέμου φησίν, ἐπειδὴ μόνοι τῶν ἁπάντων οὐ πρεσβεύσαιντο οἱ Ἄραβες ὡς αὐτόν, τὸ δʼ ἀληθὲς ὀρεγόμενον πάντων εἶναι κύριον· καὶ ἐπεὶ δύο θεοὺς ἐπυνθάνετο τιμᾶσθαι μόνους ὑπʼ αὐτῶν, τόν τε Δία καὶ τὸν Διόνυσον, τοὺς τὰ κυριώτατα πρὸς τὸ ζῆν παρέχοντας, τρίτον ὑπολαβεῖν ἑαυτὸν τιμήσεσθαι, κρατήσαντα καὶ ἐπιτρέψαντα τὴν πάτριον αὐτονομίαν ἔχειν ἣν εἶχον πρότερον.
Now, Aristobulus says that Alexander alleged as a pretext for the war that the Arabians were the only people of all who had not sent ambassadors to him, but the truth was that he was aspiring to be lord of all; and when he learned that only two gods were worshiped by them, Zeus and Dionysus, who provide the most essential things for life, he supposed that he himself would be worshiped as a third, if he conquered them and permitted them to retain the ancestral autonomy which they had before.
ταῦτά τε δὴ πραγματεύεσθαι περὶ τὰς διώρυγας τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, καὶ τοὺς τάφους σκευωρεῖσθαι τοὺς τῶν βασιλέων καὶ δυναστῶν· τοὺς γὰρ πλείστους ἐν ταῖς λίμναις εἶναι.
These, then, were the works Alexander was busy with concerning the canals, and he also inspected the tombs of the kings and rulers, for most of them were in the lakes.
§16.1.12Ἐρατοσθένης δὲ τῶν λιμνῶν μνησθεὶς τῶν πρὸς τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ, φησὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπορούμενον διεξόδων ἀνοῖξαι πόρους ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ διʼ ἐκείνων ὑποφέρεσθαι μέχρι Κοιλοσύρων· ἀναθλίβεσθαι δὲ εἰς τοὺς περὶ Ῥινοκόρουρα καὶ τὸ Κάσιον ὄρος τόπους καὶ ποιεῖν τὰς ἐκεῖ λίμνας καὶ τὰ βάραθρα· οὐκ οἶδα δʼ εἰ πιθανῶς εἴρηκεν.
Eratosthenes, mentioning the lakes near Arabia, says that the water, being at a loss for outlets, opens passages under the earth and is carried through them as far as Coele-Syria; and that it is squeezed up into the places around Rhinocolura and Mount Casius, and forms the lakes and the gulfs there; but I do not know if he has spoken plausibly.
αἱ γὰρ τοῦ Εὐφράτου παρεκχύσεις αἱ ποιοῦσαι τὰς πρὸς τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ λίμνας καὶ τὰ ἕλη πλησίον εἰσὶ τῆς κατὰ Πέρσας θαλάττης, ὁ δὲ διείργων ἰσθμὸς οὔτε πολύς ἐστιν οὔτε πετρώδης, ὥστε ταύτῃ μᾶλλον εἰκὸς ἦν βιάσασθαι τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, εἴτʼ ὑπὸ γῆς εἰτʼ ἐπιπολῆς, ἢ πλείους τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων σταδίων διανύειν, ἄνυδρον καὶ ξηρὰν οὕτω, καὶ ταῦτα ὀρῶν ἐν μέσῳ κειμένων, τοῦ τε Λιβάνου καὶ τοῦ Ἀντιλιβάνου καὶ τοῦ Κασίου·
For the overflows of the Euphrates which form the lakes and the marshes near Arabia are close to the Persian Sea, and the isthmus which separates them is neither wide nor rocky, so that it was more probable for the water to force its way into the sea in this direction, whether under the earth or on the surface, than to traverse more than six thousand stadia through a country so waterless and dry, and that too when mountains lie in the middle, namely, Libanus, Antilibanus, and Casius.
οἱ μὲν δὴ τοιαῦτα λέγουσι.
Such, then, are the accounts they give.