§16.1.21μεσοποταμία δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ὠνόμασται· εἴρηται δʼ ὅτι κεῖται τοῦ Εὐφράτου μεταξὺ καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος καὶ διότι ὁ μὲν Τίγρις τὸ ἑωθινὸν αὐτῆς μόνον κλύζει πλευρόν, τὸ δʼ ἑσπέριον καὶ νότιον ὁ Εὐφράτης· πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ ὁ Ταῦρος ὁ τοὺς Ἀρμενίους διορίζων ἀπὸ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας.
Now Mesopotamia is named from its circumstance; and it has been said that it lies between the Euphrates and the Tigris, and that the Tigris washes its eastern side only, whereas the Euphrates washes its western and southern sides; and to the north is the Taurus, which separates the Armenians from Mesopotamia.
τὸ μὲν οὖν μέγιστον ὃ ἀφίστανται διάστημα ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων τὸ πρὸς τοῖς ὄρεσίν ἐστι· τοῦτο δʼ ἂν εἴη τὸ αὐτὸ ὅπερ εἴρηκεν Ἐρατοσθένης, τὸ ἀπὸ Θαψάκου, καθʼ ὃ ἦν τὸ ζεῦγμα τοῦ Εὐφράτου τὸ παλαιόν, ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ Τίγριος διάβασιν, καθʼ ἣν διέβη Ἀλέξανδρος αὐτόν, δισχιλίων τετρακοσίων· τὸ δʼ ἐλάχιστον μικρῷ πλέον τῶν διακοσίων κατὰ Σελεύκειάν που καὶ Βαβυλῶνα.
Thus, the greatest distance they are apart from one another is at the mountains; and this would be the same as that which Eratosthenes has stated, namely, from Thapsacus, where the ancient bridge of the Euphrates was, to the crossing of the Tigris, where Alexander crossed it, twenty-four hundred stadia; while the least distance is somewhere near Seleucia and Babylon, slightly more than two hundred stadia.
διαρρεῖ δʼ ὁ Τίγρις τὴν Θωπῖτιν καλουμένην λίμνην κατὰ πλάτος μέσην· περαιωθεὶς δʼ ἐπὶ θάτερον χεῖλος κατὰ γῆς δύεται μετὰ πολλοῦ ψόφου καὶ ἀναφυσημάτων, ἐπὶ πολὺ δʼ ἐνεχθεὶς ἀφανὴς ἀνίσχει πάλιν οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν τῆς Γορδυαίας· οὕτω δὲ σφοδρῶς διεκβάλλει τὴν λίμνην, ὥς φησιν Ἐρατοσθένης, ὥστε ἁλμυρὰν αὐτὴν οὖσαν καὶ ἄνιχθυν γλυκεῖαν κατὰ τοῦτʼ εἶναι τὸ μέρος καὶ ῥοώδη καὶ ἰχθύων πλήρη.
And the Tigris flows through the middle of the breadth of the lake called Thopitis; and having crossed to the other shore, it sinks underground with a great noise and pantings, and after being carried invisible for a long distance, it rises again not far from Gordyaia; and it forces its way through the lake so violently, as Eratosthenes says, that although the lake is salty and without fish, it is sweet in this part, rapid, and full of fish.
§16.1.22Ἐπὶ μῆκος δὲ συχνὸν προπέπτωκεν ἡ συναγωγὴ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας καὶ πλοίῳ πως ἔοικε· ποιεῖ δὲ τὸ πλεῖστον τῆς περιφερείας ὁ Εὐφράτης· καὶ ἔστι τὸ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Θαψάκου μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος, ὡς εἴρηκεν Ἐρατοσθένης, τετρακισχίλιοι καὶ ὀκτακόσιοι στάδιοι· τὸ δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ κατὰ Κομμαγηνὴν ζεύγματος, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας, οὐκ ἔλαττον τῶν δισχιλίων σταδίων ἕως ἐπὶ Θάψακον.
The narrowing of Mesopotamia extends forward to a considerable length and is somewhat like a boat; and the Euphrates makes the greater part of its circumference; and the distance from Thapsacus to Babylon, as Eratosthenes has said, is four thousand eight hundred stadia; and that from the bridge at Commagene, which is the beginning of Mesopotamia, to Thapsacus is not less than two thousand stadia.
§16.1.23ἔστι δʼ ἡ μὲν παρόρειος εὐδαίμων ἱκανῶς· ἔχουσι δʼ αὐτῆς τὰ μὲν πρὸς τῷ Εὐφράτῃ καὶ τῷ ζεύγματι, τῷ τε νῦν τῷ κατὰ τὴν Κομμαγηνὴν καὶ τῷ πάλαι τῷ κατὰ τὴν Θάψακον, οἱ Μυγδόνες κατονομασθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν Μακεδόνων· ἐν οἷς ἐστιν ἡ Νίσιβις, ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν Ἀντιόχειαν τὴν ἐν τῇ Μυγδονίᾳ προσηγόρευσαν, ὑπὸ τῷ Μασίῳ ὄρει κειμένην, καὶ Τιγρανόκερτα καὶ τὰ περὶ Κάρρας καὶ Νικηφόριον χωρία καὶ Χορδίραζα καὶ Σίννακα, ἐν ᾗ Κράσσος διεφθάρη, δόλῳ ληφθεὶς ὑπὸ Σουρήνα τοῦ τῶν Παρθυαίων στρατηγοῦ.
And the country along the mountains is quite fertile; and those who were named Mygdones by the Macedonians hold the parts of it near the Euphrates and the bridges, both the present one at Commagene and the ancient one at Thapsacus; among these people is Nisibis, which they also called Antioch in Mygdonia, situated below Mount Masius, and Tigranocerta, and the places around Carrhae and Nicephorium, and Chordiraza, and Sinnaca, in which Crassus was destroyed, having been taken by guile by Surena, the general of the Parthians.
§16.1.24πρὸς δὲ τῷ Τίγρει τὰ τῶν Γορδυαίων χωρία οὓς οἱ πάλαι Καρδούχους ἔλεγον, καὶ αἱ πόλεις ῶν Σάρεισά τε καὶ Σάταλκα καὶ Πίνακα, κράτιστον ἔρυμα, τρεῖς ἄκρας ἔχουσα, ἑκάστην ἰδίῳ τείχει τετειχισμένην, ὥστε οἷον τρίπολιν εἶναι.
And near the Tigris are the places of the Gordyaeans, whom the ancients called Carduchians, and their cities are Sareisa, Satalca, and Pinaca, a very strong fortress, having three acropolises, each fortified with its own wall, so as to be, as it were, a threefold city.
ἀλλʼ ὅμως καὶ ὁ Ἀρμένιος εἶχεν ὑπήκοον καὶ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι βίᾳ παρέλαβον, καίπερ ἔδοξαν οἱ Γορδυαῖοι διαφερόντως ἀρχιτεκτονικοί τινες εἶναι καὶ πολιορκητικῶν ὀργάνων ἔμπειροι· διόπερ αὐτοῖς εἰς ταῦτα ὁ Τιγράνης ἐχρῆτο.
Yet, nevertheless, the Armenian king also held them in subjection, and the Romans took them by force, although the Gordyaeans were thought to be exceptionally skilled in architecture and experienced in siege engines; wherefore Tigranes used them for these purposes.
ἐγένετο δὲ καὶ ἡ λοιπὴ Μεσοποταμία ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις, Πομπήιος δʼ αὐτῆς τὰ πολλὰ τῷ Τιγράνῃ προσένειμεν ὅσα ἦν ἀξιόλογα· ἔστι γὰρ εὔβοτος ἡ χώρα καὶ εὐερνὴς ὥστε καὶ τὰ ἀειθαλῆ τρέφειν καὶ ἄρωμα τὸ ἄμωμον· καὶ λεοντοβότος ἐστί· φέρει δὲ καὶ τὸν νάφθαν καὶ τὴν γαγγῆτιν λίθον, ἣν φεύγει τὰ ἑρπετά.
The rest of Mesopotamia also came under the Romans, and Pompey assigned most of its noteworthy parts to Tigranes; for the country is good for pasture and rich in vegetation, so that it even nurtures evergreen trees and the spice amomum; and it is a land that breeds lions; and it also produces naphtha and the Gangitis stone, which reptiles avoid.
§16.1.25λέγεται δὲ Γόρδυς ὁ Τριπτολέμου τὴν Γορδυηνὴν οἰκῆσαι, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ Ἐρετριεῖς οἱ ἀναρπασθέντες ὑπὸ Περσῶν.
And it is said that Gordys, the son of Triptolemus, settled Gorduene, and later also the Eretrians who were carried away by the Persians.
περὶ μὲν οὖν Τριπτολέμου δηλώσομεν ἐν τοῖς Συριακοῖς αὐτίκα.
Concerning Triptolemus, then, we shall show in our Syrian history immediately.