§15.1.36Ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ συμβολῇ τούτου τε καὶ τοῦ ἄλλου ποταμοῦ τὰ Παλίβοθρα ἱδρῦσθαι σταδίων ὀγδοήκοντα τὸ μῆκος πλάτος δὲ πεντεκαίδεκα ἐν παραλληλογράμμῳ σχήματι, ξύλινον περίβολον ἔχουσαν κατατετρημένον ὥστε διὰ τῶν ὀπῶν τοξεύειν· προκεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ τάφρον φυλακῆς τε χάριν καὶ ὑποδοχῆς τῶν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἀπορροιῶν.
At the confluence of this river and the other, Palibothra is said to be situated, eighty stadia in length and fifteen in width, in the shape of a parallelogram, having a wooden wall pierced with openings so that one can shoot arrows through them; and in front of it lies a trench both for the sake of defense and for receiving the sewage from the city.
τὸ δʼ ἔθνος ἐν ᾧ ἡ πόλις αὕτη καλεῖσθαι Πρασίους, διαφορώτατον τῶν πάντων· τὸν δὲ βασιλεύοντα ἐπώνυμον δεῖν τῆς πόλεως εἶναι, Παλίβοθρον καλούμενον πρὸς τῷ ἰδίῳ τῷ ἐκ γενετῆς ὀνόματι, καθάπερ τὸν Σανδρόκοττον, πρὸς ὃν ἧκεν ὁ Μεγασθένης πεμφθείς.
The tribe in whose territory this city lies is called the Prasii, the most distinguished of all; and the reigning king must be named after the city, being called Palibothrus in addition to his own personal name given at birth, just as Sandrocottus, to whom Megasthenes went when he was sent.
τοιοῦτο δὲ καὶ τὸ παρὰ τοῖς Παρθυαίοις· Ἀρσάκαι γὰρ καλοῦνται πάντες, ἰδίᾳ δὲ ὁ μὲν Ὀρώδης ὁ δὲ Φραάτης ὁ δʼ ἄλλο τι.
A similar practice also obtains among the Parthians; for all of them are called Arsaces, but individually one is called Orodes, another Phraates, and another something else.
§15.1.37Ἀρίστη δʼ ὁμολογεῖται πᾶσα ἡ τοῦ Ὑπάνιος πέραν· οὐκ ἀκριβοῦνται δέ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν καὶ τὸν ἐκτοπισμὸν λέγεται πάντʼ ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον ἢ τὸ τερατωδέστερον· οἷα τὰ τῶν χρυσωρύχων μυρμήκων καὶ ἄλλων θηρίων τε καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἰδιομόρφων καὶ δυνάμεσί τισιν ἐξηλλαγμένων, ὡς τοὺς Σῆρας μακροβίους φασὶ πέρα καὶ διακοσίων ἐτῶν παρατείνοντας.
All the country beyond the Hypanis is agreed to be excellent; but it is not accurately known, and because of ignorance and its remoteness everything is reported to excess or to the more marvelous; such as the story of the gold-digging ants, and of other beasts and of men of peculiar shapes and changed in certain capacities, as they say the Seres are long-lived, prolonging their lives even beyond two hundred years.
λέγουσι δὲ καὶ ἀριστοκρατικήν τινα σύνταξιν πολιτείας αὐτόθι ἐκ πεντακισχιλίων βουλευτῶν συνεστῶσαν, ὧν ἕκαστον παρέχεσθαι τῷ κοινῷ ἐλέφαντα.
They also say that there is a certain aristocratic constitution of government there, consisting of five thousand councillors, each of whom furnishes an elephant to the commonwealth.
καὶ τίγρεις δʼ ἐν τοῖς Πρασίοις φησὶν ὁ Μεγασθένης μεγίστους γίνεσθαι, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ διπλασίους λεόντων, δυνατοὺς δὲ ὥστε τῶν ἡμέρων τινὰ ἀγόμενον ὑπὸ τεττάρων τῷ ὀπισθίῳ σκέλει δραξάμενον ἡμιόνου βιάσασθαι καὶ ἑλκύσαι πρὸς ἑαυτόν.
And Megasthenes says that among the Prasii tigers of the greatest size are produced, almost double the size of lions, and so strong that when a tame one was being led by four men, it seized a mule by its hind leg, overpowered it, and dragged it to itself.
κερκοπιθήκους δὲ μείζους τῶν μεγίστων κυνῶν, λευκοὺς πλὴν τοῦ προσώπου, τοῦτο δʼ εἶναι μέλαν, παρʼ ἄλλοις δʼ ἀνάπαλιν· τὰς δὲ κέρκους μείζους δυεῖν πηχέων· ἡμερωτάτους δὲ καὶ οὐ κακοήθεις περὶ ἐπιθέσεις καὶ κλοπάς.
And he says there are long-tailed monkeys larger than the largest dogs, white except for their face, which is black, but in other places the reverse; and their tails are more than two cubits long; and they are very tame and not mischievous in regard to attacks and thefts.
λίθους δʼ ὀρύττεσθαι λιβανόχρους γλυκυτέρους σύκων ἢ μέλιτος.
And he says that stones of the color of frankincense are dug up, which are sweeter than figs or honey.
ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ διπήχεις ὄφεις ὑμενοπτέρους ὥσπερ αἱ νυκτερίδες· καὶ τούτους δὲ νύκτωρ πέτεσθαι, σταλαγμοὺς ἀφιέντας οὔρων, τοὺς δὲ ἱδρώτων, διασήποντας τὸν χρῶτα τοῦ μὴ φυλαξαμένου·
In other places there are winged serpents of two cubits with membrane wings like bats; and these fly by night, letting fall drops of urine, or others of sweat, which rot the skin of anyone who is not on his guard.
καὶ σκορπίους εἶναι πτηνούς, ὑπερβάλλοντας μεγέθεσι·
And there are winged scorpions of extraordinary size.
φύεσθαι δὲ καὶ ἔβενον·
Ebony also grows there.
εἶναι δὲ καὶ κύνας ἀλκίμους, οὐ πρότερον μεθιέντας τὸ δηχθὲν πρὶν εἰς τοὺς ῥώθωνας ὕδωρ καταχυθῆναι· ἐνίους δʼ ὑπὸ προθυμίας ἐν τῷ δήγματι διαστρέφεσθαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐκπίπτειν, κατασχεθῆναι δὲ καὶ λέοντα ὑπὸ κυνὸς καὶ ταῦρον, τὸν δὲ ταῦρον καὶ ἀποθανεῖν κρατούμενον τοῦ ῥύγχους πρότερον ἢ ἀφεθῆναι.
There are also brave dogs, which do not let go of what they have bitten until water is poured down their nostrils; and some of them, because of their eagerness, distort their eyes in their bite, and in some cases even have them fall out; and a lion is held fast by a dog, and a bull as well, and the bull even dies overpowered by the grip on its nose before it is let go.
§15.1.38Ἐν δὲ τῇ ὀρεινῇ Σίλαν ποταμὸν εἶναι ᾧ μηδὲν ἐπιπλεῖ·
And in the mountainous country there is said to be a river called Silas, on which nothing floats.
Δημόκριτον μὲν οὖν ἀπιστεῖν ἅτε πολλὴν τῆς Ἀσίας πεπλανημένον· καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ ἀπιστεῖ, καίπερ ἀέρων ὄντων λεπτῶν οἷς οὐδὲν ἐποχεῖται πτηνόν·
Now Democritus disbelieves this, as one who had traveled over much of Asia; and Aristotle also disbelieves it, although there are thin airs on which no bird can float.
ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἀναφερομένων ἀτμῶν ἐπισπαστικοί τινές εἰσι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς καὶ οἷον ῥοφητικοὶ τοῦ ὑπερπετοῦς, ὡς τὸ ἤλεκτρον τοῦ ἀχύρου καὶ ἡ σιδηρῖτις τοῦ σιδήρου· τάχα δὲ καὶ καθʼ ὕδατος τοιαῦταί τινες εἶεν ἂν δυνάμεις.
Moreover, some of the rising vapors have a power of drawing things to themselves and, as it were, swallowing what flies over them, just as amber draws chaff and the magnet iron; and perhaps there might also be such powers in water.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν φυσιολογίας ἔχεταί τινος καὶ τῆς περὶ τῶν ὀχουμένων πραγματείας, ὥστε ἐν ἐκείνοις ἐπισκεπτέον· νυνὶ δʼ ἔτι καὶ ταῦτα προσληπτέον καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τῆς γεωγραφίας ἐγγυτέρω.
These matters, however, belong to natural philosophy and to the study of floating bodies, so that they must be examined there; but for the present we must add these things and whatever else is nearer to geography.
§15.1.39φησὶ δὴ τὸ τῶν Ἰνδῶν πλῆθος εἰς ἑπτὰ μέρη διῃρῆσθαι, καὶ πρώτους μὲν τοὺς φιλοσόφους εἶναι κατὰ τιμήν, ἐλαχίστους δὲ κατʼ ἀριθμόν· χρῆσθαι δʼ αὐτοῖς ἰδίᾳ μὲν ἑκάστῳ τοὺς θύοντας ἢ τοὺς ἐναγίζοντας, κοινῇ δὲ τοὺς βασιλέας κατὰ τὴν μεγάλην λεγομένην σύνοδον, καθʼ ἣν τοῦ νέου ἔτους ἅπαντες οἱ φιλόσοφοι τῷ βασιλεῖ συνελθόντες ἐπὶ θύρας ὅ τι ἂν αὐτῶν ἕκαστος συντάξῃ τῶν χρησίμων ἢ τηρήσῃ πρὸς εὐετηρίαν καρπῶν τε καὶ ζῴων καὶ περὶ πολιτείας, προσφέρει τοῦτʼ εἰς τὸ μέσον· ὃς δʼ ἂν τρὶς ἐψευσμένος ἁλῷ, νόμος ἐστὶ σιγᾶν διὰ βίου· τὸν δὲ κατορθώσαντα ἄφορον καὶ ἀτελῆ κρίνουσι.
He says, then, that the population of India is divided into seven parts, and that the first in honor, but the fewest in number, are the philosophers; and they are employed privately by individuals who sacrifice or perform funeral rites, and publicly by the kings at the so-called Great Synod, at which, at the beginning of the new year, all the philosophers, having come together at the gates of the king, bring forward into the public whatever each of them has composed of useful things or observed concerning the prosperity of crops and animals and concerning the government; and if anyone is found to have made false reports three times, the law requires him to keep silence for life, but the one who succeeded is judged exempt from tribute and free from taxes.
§15.1.40δεύτερον δὲ μέρος εἶναι τὸ τῶν γεωργῶν, οἳ πλεῖστοί τέ εἰσι καὶ ἐπιεικέστατοι ἀστρατείᾳ καὶ ἀδείᾳ τοῦ ἐργάζεσθαι, πόλει μὴ προσιόντες μηδʼ ἄλλῃ χρείᾳ μηδʼ ὀχλήσει κοινῇ·
The second part is that of the husbandmen, who are both the most numerous and the most peaceable, because of exemption from military service and the safety of their work; they do not go to the city or join in any other business or public disturbance.
πολλάκις γοῦν ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ χρόνῳ καὶ τόπῳ τοῖς μὲν παρατετάχθαι συμβαίνει καὶ διακινδυνεύειν πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, οἱ δʼ ἀροῦσιν ἢ σκάπτουσιν ἀκινδύνως, προμάχους ἔχοντες ἐκείνους.
At any rate, often at the same time and in the same place, it happens that some are drawn up in battle-array and risk their lives against the enemy, while others are plowing or digging without danger, having those men as their protectors.
ἔστι δʼ ἡ χώρα βασιλικὴ πᾶσα· μισθοῦ δʼ αὐτὴν ἐπὶ τετάρταις ἐργάζονται τῶν καρπῶν.
And all the land is royal property, and they cultivate it on condition of paying a rent of a fourth part of the produce.